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Bhojpur Jadīd, nestled in the fertile plains of Bihar, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Ganges River basin. Located at approximately 25.5880° N, 84.1621° E, the city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. Its elevation, relatively low at around 58 meters above sea level, contributes to a tendency for pollutants to accumulate, particularly during periods of atmospheric stability. Bhojpur Jadīd sits on the banks of the Gandak River, a major tributary of the Ganges, which influences local humidity and temperature patterns. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural fields – primarily rice and wheat cultivation – interspersed with small villages and scattered groves. This agricultural activity, while vital to the regional economy, can contribute to air pollution through the burning of crop residue after harvest, a common practice in Bihar. The urban–rural gradient around Bhojpur Jadīd is gradual, with agricultural land extending outwards for several kilometers. While not directly adjacent to major industrial belts, the city’s proximity to larger urban centers in Bihar, and its role as a regional trading hub, means it is susceptible to pollutants transported from those areas. The flat topography and prevailing wind patterns often lead to the stagnation of air masses, exacerbating local pollution sources and limiting dispersion. The region's climate, characterized by hot summers and a distinct monsoon season, further influences the city’s air quality dynamics.

Bhojpur Jadīd’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by its subtropical monsoon climate. The pre-monsoon months (March-May) typically experience the poorest air quality. High temperatures and low wind speeds create atmospheric stability, fostering temperature inversions that trap pollutants near the ground. Agricultural burning intensifies during this period, releasing significant quantities of particulate matter. The monsoon season (June-September) brings relief, with increased rainfall and stronger winds that effectively flush out pollutants. Humidity levels also rise, which can affect respiratory health. Post-monsoon (October-November) sees a gradual return to less favourable conditions. While rainfall continues intermittently, the wind speeds decrease, and the lingering effects of agricultural burning contribute to elevated pollution levels. Winter months (December-February) are often characterized by fog, which further restricts visibility and traps pollutants, creating a stagnant air mass. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods, limiting outdoor exertion and wearing appropriate masks. During the winter months, prolonged exposure to fog should be avoided. The monsoon season generally offers the most favourable conditions for outdoor activities, although high humidity can still be a factor for some. Understanding these seasonal variations is crucial for managing air quality risks and protecting public health in Bhojpur Jadīd.