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Bhojpur Kadīm, nestled in the fertile plains of Bihar, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Ganges River basin. Located at approximately 25.5841° N, 84.1265° E, the city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. Its elevation, relatively low at around 58 meters above sea level, contributes to a tendency for pollutants to accumulate, particularly during periods of atmospheric stability. Bhojpur Kadīm sits within a predominantly rural landscape, surrounded by agricultural fields – primarily rice and wheat cultivation – which, while vital for the regional economy, can contribute to seasonal particulate matter through crop residue burning. The city’s proximity to the Gandak River, a major tributary of the Ganges, influences local humidity and temperature patterns, impacting atmospheric mixing and dispersion. While the river itself doesn't directly contribute to air pollution, its presence can exacerbate fog formation during the colder months, trapping pollutants near the ground. The urban–rural gradient around Bhojpur Kadīm is gradual, with small villages and agricultural hamlets blending seamlessly into the urban fabric. There are no major industrial belts immediately adjacent to the city, however, larger industrial areas in surrounding districts can occasionally influence regional air quality. The flat topography and prevailing wind patterns, often influenced by the monsoon system, dictate how pollutants are transported and dispersed, making Bhojpur Kadīm susceptible to both local and regional air quality challenges.

Bhojpur Kadīm’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by the monsoon and regional agricultural practices. The pre-monsoon season (March-May) typically witnesses a significant deterioration in air quality. Rising temperatures and decreasing wind speeds create conditions conducive to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants close to the ground. Agricultural burning of crop residue after the harvest season is a major contributor during this period, releasing substantial amounts of particulate matter and other harmful gases. The monsoon season (June-September) brings relief, with increased rainfall and stronger winds effectively flushing out pollutants. Humidity levels also rise, which can affect the respiratory system. Post-monsoon (October-November) sees a return to calmer conditions, and a resurgence of agricultural burning, leading to another period of elevated pollution. Winter months (December-February) are characterized by cold temperatures and frequent fog, which severely restricts atmospheric mixing and traps pollutants, creating hazardous conditions. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during these periods, particularly in the early morning and late evening when fog is most prevalent. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purifiers is also advisable. The combination of agricultural practices, meteorological conditions, and the city’s geographic location creates a complex interplay that dictates Bhojpur Kadīm’s air quality throughout the year, demanding proactive mitigation strategies.