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Bholsar, nestled in the state of Bihar, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the fertile Gangetic plains. Located at approximately 25.2133° N, 87.2147° E, the city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Indo-Gangetic alluvial plain. This low-lying topography, with an elevation of roughly 35 meters above sea level, contributes to a tendency for pollutants to accumulate, particularly during periods of atmospheric stability. Bholsar’s proximity to the Ganges River, though providing a vital water source, can also influence local air quality through humidity and the potential for riverine transport of pollutants. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural fields – primarily rice and wheat cultivation – interspersed with small villages and scattered industrial units. This agricultural zone, while crucial for the regional economy, contributes to seasonal particulate matter pollution from crop residue burning, a common practice after harvest. The urban–rural gradient around Bholsar is gradual, with small settlements blending into the agricultural landscape. Further afield, the Chota Nagpur Plateau forms a distant backdrop, influencing regional weather patterns. The city’s location within a densely populated state, coupled with increasing vehicular traffic and localized industrial activity, places inherent pressures on its air quality. The flat terrain limits natural dispersion of pollutants, making Bholsar particularly vulnerable to episodes of poor air quality, especially when combined with adverse meteorological conditions.

Bholsar’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s monsoon climate. The monsoon season, typically spanning from June to September, brings relief from accumulated pollutants due to frequent rainfall and strong winds that effectively flush the atmosphere. However, even during the monsoon, humidity can trap certain gaseous pollutants. The pre-monsoon months (March-May) are often the most challenging, characterized by high temperatures, stagnant air, and frequent temperature inversions. These inversions trap pollutants near the ground, leading to a significant deterioration in air quality. Agricultural burning, prevalent during this period as farmers clear fields for the next planting season, exacerbates the problem, releasing substantial amounts of particulate matter. The post-monsoon season (October-November) sees a gradual improvement as temperatures begin to cool, but the lingering effects of agricultural burning can still impact air quality. Winter months (December-February) are typically foggy, which further restricts visibility and traps pollutants, creating conditions conducive to poor air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon and winter months, limiting outdoor activities during peak pollution periods. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purifiers is also advisable. The interplay of temperature, wind patterns, and agricultural practices creates a dynamic air quality profile in Bholsar, demanding continuous monitoring and targeted mitigation strategies.