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Bihpur, Bihar, situated at approximately 25.3889° N, 86.9337° E, occupies a geographically significant position within the fertile Gangetic plains of India. The town’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Indo-Gangetic alluvial plain, resulting in minimal elevation changes. This flatness, while conducive to agriculture, also contributes to air quality challenges as it limits natural dispersion of pollutants. Bihpur lies near the confluence of the Gandak and Kamala rivers, providing a vital source of water for irrigation and local communities, but also potentially influencing humidity levels and localized fog formation, which can trap pollutants. The surrounding landscape is overwhelmingly agricultural, with extensive rice paddies and other crops dominating the rural areas. Bihpur itself is a relatively small urban center, exhibiting a gradual urban–rural gradient as one moves outwards. The region's proximity to larger industrial belts in Bihar, particularly those related to fertilizer production and brick kilns, introduces external sources of air pollution. The flat topography and prevailing wind patterns often carry pollutants from these distant sources, impacting Bihpur's air quality. Furthermore, agricultural practices, including the burning of crop residue after harvest, are a significant contributor to seasonal particulate matter pollution. The lack of significant natural barriers and the expansive, flat landscape mean that Bihpur is susceptible to the accumulation of pollutants, especially during periods of stagnant air or unfavorable meteorological conditions. The soil composition, rich in silt and clay, can also contribute to dust resuspension, further degrading air quality.

Bihpur’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by the monsoon and the region’s climate. The monsoon season, typically from July to September, brings relief from the accumulated pollutants, as consistent rainfall and strong winds effectively flush the atmosphere. Humidity increases significantly during this period, which can slightly exacerbate respiratory issues for some individuals. The pre-monsoon months (April-June) are often the most challenging, characterized by high temperatures and stagnant air. Temperature inversions, common during this period, trap pollutants near the ground, leading to a noticeable decline in air quality. Agricultural burning of crop residue after the harvest season (typically November-December) significantly contributes to particulate matter pollution, creating hazy conditions and impacting visibility. The winter months (December-February) are generally cooler, but frequent fog formation, exacerbated by the proximity to rivers and high humidity, further restricts pollutant dispersion and worsens air quality. Spring (March) sees a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds increase, but dust from agricultural activities can still be a concern. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon and winter months, limiting outdoor exertion and wearing appropriate masks when necessary. During periods of heavy agricultural burning, staying indoors with air purifiers is advisable. The monsoon offers a respite, but those with allergies should be mindful of increased pollen counts.