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Bijai, Bihar, situated at approximately 25.4711° N, 87.0874° E, occupies a geographically significant position within the fertile Gangetic plains of eastern India. The city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, with an elevation of roughly 55 meters above sea level. This low-lying topography, while conducive to agriculture, presents challenges regarding air quality dispersion. Bijai lies within a region heavily reliant on agriculture, particularly rice and maize cultivation, and is surrounded by expansive rural landscapes. To the west, the landscape gradually transitions towards slightly undulating terrain, while eastward, the plains extend towards the Ganges River, though Bijai itself lacks direct riverine access. The proximity to agricultural zones means seasonal burning of crop residue is a significant factor influencing local air quality. Furthermore, the region is part of a broader industrial belt, with several small-scale industries and manufacturing units located within a 50-kilometer radius, contributing to localized pollution sources. The urban–rural gradient around Bijai is relatively sharp, with the city acting as a small commercial and administrative hub for the surrounding agricultural communities. The flat, expansive nature of the landscape, combined with limited natural barriers, allows pollutants to spread easily, particularly during periods of low wind speed and stable atmospheric conditions. The lack of significant elevation changes hinders vertical mixing, exacerbating ground-level pollution concentrations.

Bijai’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s monsoon climate. The pre-monsoon season (March-May) typically witnesses the worst air quality, characterized by stagnant conditions and increased biomass burning. Farmers often burn crop residue after the harvest, releasing substantial particulate matter and other pollutants into the atmosphere. Temperature inversions are common during this period, trapping pollutants near the ground. The monsoon season (June-September) brings relief as strong winds and frequent rainfall effectively flush out accumulated pollutants, significantly improving air quality. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to waterlogging and the release of methane from decomposing organic matter, a potent greenhouse gas. The post-monsoon season (October-November) sees a gradual return to drier conditions, with a resurgence of agricultural burning, though generally less intense than in the pre-monsoon period. Winter months (December-February) are often characterized by fog, which further restricts air movement and traps pollutants, leading to periods of reduced visibility and elevated concentrations of fine particulate matter. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon and winter months, limiting outdoor activities during peak pollution episodes. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purifiers is also advisable. The monsoon months offer the most favourable period for outdoor activities, though vigilance regarding waterborne diseases remains important.