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Bishunpur, nestled in the state of Bihar, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the fertile Gangetic plains. Located at approximately 26.0868° N latitude and 86.6541° E longitude, the town’s elevation is relatively low, around 118 meters (387 feet) above sea level, contributing to a tendency for pollutants to accumulate. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, characterized by expansive fields of rice, wheat, and maize – a typical feature of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. This intensive agricultural activity, while vital for the regional economy, introduces significant sources of particulate matter through crop residue burning, particularly during the post-harvest season. Bishunpur’s proximity to the Ganges River, though providing a crucial water source, can also influence local weather patterns and, occasionally, contribute to humidity which can trap pollutants. The urban–rural gradient around Bishunpur is gradual; the town itself is small, with a population of just under 20,000, but it serves as a local market center for surrounding villages. There are no major industrial belts immediately adjacent to Bishunpur, however, larger industrial areas in nearby districts can contribute to regional air pollution transported by prevailing winds. The flat terrain and limited natural barriers exacerbate the issue, allowing pollutants to spread easily across the landscape. The lack of significant elevation changes also reduces natural dispersion of airborne contaminants, making Bishunpur susceptible to poor air quality episodes.

Bishunpur’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s monsoon climate. The dry season, typically spanning from October to May, presents the most significant air quality challenges. During these months, lower humidity and reduced rainfall lead to a build-up of pollutants. Agricultural burning, a widespread practice after the harvest of Kharif crops (October-November), releases substantial quantities of particulate matter, dramatically degrading air quality. Temperature inversions, common during the colder months (December-January), trap pollutants near the ground, further worsening conditions. The monsoon season (June-September) brings relief, with frequent rainfall washing away pollutants and strong winds dispersing them. However, even during the monsoon, periods of stagnant air and fog, particularly in the early morning hours, can temporarily reduce air quality. The pre-monsoon period (March-May) often sees a resurgence of pollution as agricultural burning continues and temperatures rise, creating conditions conducive to pollutant accumulation. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of agricultural burning and temperature inversions. Limiting outdoor exertion and wearing masks can help mitigate exposure. The monsoon months generally offer a more favourable window for outdoor activities, though vigilance regarding fog is still advised.