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Bishunpura, nestled in the state of Bihar, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the fertile Gangetic plains. Located at approximately 26.5436° N, 84.4364° E, the city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Indo-Gangetic alluvial plain. The elevation is relatively low, contributing to a tendency for pollutants to accumulate, particularly during periods of atmospheric stability. Bishunpura’s proximity to the Ganges River, while providing a vital water source, can also influence local weather patterns and, indirectly, air quality. The surrounding landscape is dominated by agricultural land – rice paddies and wheat fields are common – which, during certain seasons, contributes to particulate matter through crop residue burning, a widespread agricultural practice. The urban–rural gradient around Bishunpura is gradual, with smaller villages and agricultural holdings transitioning into the city’s limited urban footprint. Further afield, the Chota Nagpur Plateau lies to the south, influencing regional wind patterns. The city’s location within a densely populated region of India means it is susceptible to transboundary pollution, with pollutants originating from larger industrial centers and urban areas potentially impacting Bishunpura’s air quality. The lack of significant topographical features to facilitate air dispersion exacerbates this issue, trapping pollutants close to the ground. Limited industrial activity within Bishunpura itself means that agricultural practices and regional transport are the primary drivers of air quality concerns.

Bishunpura’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s monsoon climate. The dry season, typically spanning from October to May, presents the most significant air quality challenges. During these months, lower humidity and reduced rainfall contribute to the accumulation of particulate matter. The prevalence of crop residue burning after the harvest season (November-December) dramatically elevates PM2.5 and PM10 levels, creating periods of very poor air quality. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler months (December-February), trap pollutants near the ground, further worsening conditions. The monsoon season (June-September) brings relief, with frequent rainfall washing away pollutants and strong winds dispersing them. However, even during the monsoon, periods of stagnant air and fog, particularly in the early morning hours, can temporarily degrade air quality. The transitional periods (March-May) see a gradual increase in temperature and decreasing rainfall, leading to a slow deterioration in air quality as the dry season approaches. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of crop residue burning. Limiting outdoor exertion and wearing appropriate masks are advisable. The monsoon months offer a window for improved outdoor activity, but vigilance regarding fog-related air quality dips remains important. Awareness campaigns promoting cleaner agricultural practices and reducing reliance on crop residue burning are crucial for mitigating the seasonal air quality fluctuations.