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Chāndpura, nestled in the fertile plains of Bihar, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Gangetic Basin. Located at approximately 25.4966° N, 86.2104° E, the town’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, with an elevation of roughly 55 meters above sea level. This low-lying topography contributes to a tendency for pollutants to accumulate, particularly during periods of atmospheric stability. The surrounding landscape is dominated by agricultural fields – primarily rice and maize cultivation – which, while vital to the regional economy, can contribute to particulate matter through seasonal burning practices. Chāndpura’s proximity to the Ganges River, though providing a crucial water source, also influences local weather patterns, occasionally leading to humidity and fog, which can trap pollutants close to the ground. The urban–rural gradient around Chāndpura is gradual; the town itself is relatively small, with a population of 11,905, transitioning quickly into agricultural land. While not directly adjacent to major industrial belts, the region experiences transportation-related pollution from vehicles traversing the national highways connecting Bihar to neighboring states. The lack of significant natural barriers, combined with the flat terrain and agricultural activity, creates a setting where air quality is particularly susceptible to both local and regional pollution sources. The prevailing wind patterns, often light and variable, further exacerbate this issue, limiting the dispersion of pollutants.

Chāndpura’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s monsoon climate. The pre-monsoon season (March-May) typically witnesses the poorest air quality. Rising temperatures and decreasing humidity create atmospheric stability, fostering temperature inversions that trap pollutants near the surface. Agricultural burning, a common practice to clear fields for the planting season, significantly contributes to particulate matter pollution during this period. The monsoon season (June-September) brings relief, with increased rainfall and stronger winds dispersing pollutants. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to increased humidity and occasional localized flooding, which can temporarily worsen air quality due to resuspended dust and mold spores. The post-monsoon season (October-November) sees a return to drier conditions and a gradual increase in pollution levels, mirroring the pre-monsoon pattern. Fog, frequently occurring during these months, further restricts visibility and traps pollutants. Winter (December-February) is generally the coldest period, with frequent fog and low temperatures. While temperatures are lower, the persistent fog and limited wind speeds often result in stagnant air and elevated pollution levels. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, limiting outdoor activity during peak pollution episodes. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can also be beneficial during these periods. The monsoon months offer the most favourable conditions for outdoor activities, though vigilance regarding potential flooding is still advised.