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Chauki, Bihar, situated at approximately 25.4573° N, 86.4018° E, occupies a geographically significant position within the fertile Gangetic plains of eastern India. The town’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, with an elevation of roughly 55 meters above sea level. This low-lying topography contributes to a tendency for pollutants to accumulate, particularly during periods of atmospheric stability. Chauki lies within a predominantly rural landscape, surrounded by agricultural fields – primarily rice and maize cultivation – which, while vital for the regional economy, can contribute to seasonal particulate matter through agricultural burning practices. The proximity to the Ganges River, though offering a crucial water source, can also influence local weather patterns and, under certain conditions, exacerbate air quality issues. The urban–rural gradient around Chauki is gradual; the town itself represents a small, localized urban center within a larger agricultural matrix. There are no major industrial belts immediately adjacent to Chauki, however, larger industrial areas in surrounding districts can influence regional air quality. The flat, expansive nature of the landscape limits natural dispersion of pollutants, and the prevailing wind patterns, often influenced by the monsoon system, play a crucial role in determining the movement and concentration of airborne contaminants. The lack of significant topographical features means that Chauki is particularly susceptible to the impacts of regional pollution events.

Chauki’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by the region’s monsoon climate. The pre-monsoon season (March-May) typically witnesses the poorest air quality. Rising temperatures and decreasing humidity create atmospheric stability, often leading to temperature inversions that trap pollutants near the ground. Agricultural burning, a common practice to clear fields for the planting season, significantly contributes to particulate matter pollution during this period. The monsoon season (June-September) brings relief, with increased rainfall and stronger winds dispersing pollutants. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to increased humidity and stagnant air conditions in certain instances. The post-monsoon season (October-November) sees a return to drier conditions and a gradual increase in pollution levels, mirroring the pre-monsoon pattern. Fog, common during the winter months (December-February), further exacerbates the problem by trapping pollutants and reducing visibility. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, limiting outdoor activities during peak pollution hours. The monsoon months generally offer the most favourable conditions for outdoor recreation, although vigilance is still advised. The combination of agricultural practices, meteorological conditions, and the town’s geographic setting creates a complex interplay that shapes Chauki’s air quality throughout the year. Maintaining awareness of prevailing weather patterns and potential pollution sources is crucial for protecting public health.