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Chautham, a small town in the Gaya district of Bihar, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Indo-Gangetic Plain. Located at 25.5439°N latitude and 86.6567°E longitude, the town sits at an elevation of approximately 113 meters above sea level, contributing to relatively flat terrain. This low-lying landscape, typical of the region, influences air dispersion patterns, often limiting natural ventilation. The Phalgu River, a tributary of the Ganges, flows nearby, though its influence on local air quality is more related to seasonal humidity and potential for localised dust suspension during drier periods than direct pollutant removal. Surrounding Chautham is a predominantly agricultural landscape, characterized by rice paddies and small-scale farming. While not a major industrial hub itself, Chautham’s proximity to Gaya, a growing regional centre, means it experiences some spillover effects from associated transport and small-scale industrial activity. The urban-rural gradient is sharp; the town is a concentrated pocket of population within a largely rural setting. This creates a localized pollution ‘bowl’ effect, where emissions from domestic sources (cooking fires, waste burning) and limited vehicular traffic become concentrated, particularly during periods of calm weather. The surrounding plains offer little topographic relief to aid in pollutant dispersal, exacerbating air quality challenges.

Chautham’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the monsoon and post-monsoon weather systems. The monsoon season, typically from June to September, brings temporary relief from pollution due to rainfall washing away particulate matter and increased humidity suppressing dust. However, high humidity can also foster mold growth, impacting respiratory health. October and November see a deterioration in air quality as the monsoon retreats, and temperatures drop, leading to temperature inversions that trap pollutants near the ground. This post-monsoon period is often the most challenging for respiratory health. December to February are characterised by cooler, drier conditions and frequent fog, further exacerbating particulate matter concentrations. Smoke from agricultural residue burning after the harvest adds significantly to the pollution load during these months. March to May witness rising temperatures and dry winds, leading to increased dust suspension and a gradual worsening of air quality. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during the post-monsoon and winter months. Maintaining good ventilation indoors and using air purifiers can offer some protection. Avoiding peak traffic hours and areas with visible smoke is also advisable.