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Cherakhera, nestled in the state of Bihar, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the fertile Gangetic plains. Located at approximately 25.6869° latitude and 86.4187° longitude, the town’s elevation is relatively low, contributing to a tendency for pollutants to accumulate, particularly during periods of atmospheric stability. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, characterized by expansive fields of rice and maize, typical of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. This agricultural activity, while vital to the regional economy, introduces sources of particulate matter through crop residue burning, a common practice after harvest. Cherakhera’s proximity to the Ganges River, though providing a crucial water source, can also influence local air quality; humidity levels, often high, can trap pollutants close to the ground. The urban–rural gradient around Cherakhera is gradual, with smaller villages and agricultural hamlets blending seamlessly into the town’s periphery. While Cherakhera itself is a relatively small settlement with a population of around 19,736, it sits within a broader region experiencing increasing urbanization and industrial development. Larger industrial belts, primarily focused on food processing and light manufacturing, are located within a 50-kilometer radius, potentially contributing to regional air pollution episodes. The flat terrain and lack of significant topographical features limit natural air dispersion, exacerbating the impact of local and regional pollution sources. The prevailing wind patterns, often influenced by the monsoon season, play a crucial role in the distribution of airborne contaminants.

Cherakhera’s air quality exhibits a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s monsoon climate. The pre-monsoon season (March-May) typically witnesses the poorest air quality, characterized by stagnant conditions and increased agricultural burning. Dry, hot winds trap pollutants, leading to a build-up of particulate matter. Temperature inversions, common during this period, further exacerbate the problem by preventing vertical mixing of the atmosphere. The monsoon season (June-September) brings relief, with increased rainfall and stronger winds dispersing pollutants. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to increased humidity, which, while cleansing, can temporarily trap pollutants near the ground. The post-monsoon season (October-November) sees a resurgence of agricultural burning as farmers prepare fields for the winter crop, again contributing to elevated particulate levels. Fog, frequently occurring during the colder months (December-February), significantly reduces visibility and traps pollutants, creating hazardous conditions. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, limiting outdoor activity during peak pollution periods. The monsoon months generally offer the most favourable conditions for outdoor pursuits, although vigilance regarding humidity-related respiratory issues is still advised. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can be beneficial, particularly during periods of poor air quality. Awareness campaigns promoting cleaner agricultural practices and reducing reliance on crop residue burning are crucial for long-term air quality improvement.