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Chhapra Bahās, a small town in Bihar, India, sits at coordinates 26.7266°N, 84.7912°E, within the fertile Gangetic plains. The landscape is predominantly flat alluvial terrain, a characteristic feature of this region formed by the deposition of sediments from the Gandak and other rivers. The town’s elevation is low, contributing to limited atmospheric dispersion of pollutants. Situated approximately 60km northwest of Patna, Chhapra Bahās is embedded within a largely agricultural zone, primarily rice and sugarcane cultivation. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, introduces sources of particulate matter through crop residue burning and fertilizer use. The surrounding rural areas transition gradually into denser settlements as one approaches larger towns like Chhapra. The proximity to the Gandak River, while providing irrigation, also creates conditions conducive to humidity and potential fog formation, impacting pollutant concentration. Limited industrial development within Chhapra Bahās itself means that regional industrial emissions from larger centres contribute more significantly to the air quality challenges. The urban-rural gradient is relatively weak, with a dispersed population and limited infrastructure, influencing air circulation patterns and pollutant dispersal. This geographical setting creates a unique vulnerability to air pollution, exacerbated by local practices and regional influences.

Chhapra Bahās experiences a distinct seasonal air quality pattern dictated by the monsoon and post-monsoon periods. The monsoon season (June-September) generally brings temporary relief from pollution due to rainfall washing away particulate matter and increased humidity suppressing dust. However, stagnant air during periods of reduced rainfall can still lead to localised build-up of pollutants. October-November sees a significant deterioration in air quality, coinciding with post-monsoon stubble burning from agricultural lands – a major source of PM2.5. Shallow temperature inversions are common during cooler months, trapping pollutants near the ground. December-February are typically the worst months, characterised by low wind speeds, fog, and increased reliance on biomass burning for heating. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during these months. March-May brings rising temperatures and increasing dust levels, though wind speeds can offer some dispersion. Avoiding peak hours near roads and agricultural areas is advisable. The pre-monsoon season (May-June) can see dust storms further degrading air quality. Overall, the monsoon offers the best conditions for outdoor activity, while the post-monsoon and winter months require heightened caution.