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Chikni, a small town in Bihar, India, situated at approximately 26.0075°N latitude and 86.7032°E longitude, occupies a relatively flat portion of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. This region is characterised by alluvial soil deposited by the Ganges and its tributaries, making it intensely fertile agricultural land. The town’s elevation is low, typically under 50 meters above sea level, contributing to limited atmospheric dispersion of pollutants. Chikni is not directly adjacent to a major river, but lies within the broader watershed of the Ganges, influencing local humidity and potential for localised flooding during the monsoon season. The surrounding landscape is predominantly rural, dominated by rice paddies and small-scale farming. However, increasing industrial activity in nearby larger towns like Motihari and Muzaffarpur, coupled with brick kilns scattered throughout the district, contributes to regional air pollution that impacts Chikni. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced; Chikni itself is a relatively small settlement, but is increasingly connected to regional transport networks, leading to increased vehicular emissions. The flat terrain and frequent temperature inversions, particularly during winter, exacerbate pollution build-up, trapping pollutants close to the ground. This geographical setting creates a challenging environment for maintaining good air quality.

Chikni’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern. The post-monsoon period, from October to November, often sees a peak in pollution. Reduced wind speeds and cooler temperatures create stable atmospheric conditions, trapping pollutants from agricultural burning (post-harvest) and increasing use of solid fuels for heating. December and January represent the most challenging months, with frequent fog and temperature inversions severely limiting dispersion. These conditions are particularly harmful for individuals with respiratory conditions. The arrival of the monsoon in June and July brings a temporary respite, as rainfall washes away particulate matter and increased wind speeds disperse pollutants. However, high humidity can also promote the formation of secondary pollutants. March to May is characterised by rising temperatures and dry conditions, leading to dust storms and increased ground-level ozone formation, especially with increased vehicular traffic. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory or cardiovascular illnesses – should limit outdoor activity during the October-January period and take precautions during the March-May period. Monitoring local weather patterns and avoiding peak traffic hours are advisable.