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Chitauria, nestled in the state of Bihar, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the fertile Gangetic plains. Located at approximately 25.4869° N, 87.5511° E, the town’s elevation is relatively low, around 118 meters (387 feet) above sea level, contributing to a tendency for pollutants to accumulate. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, characterized by expansive fields of rice and maize, typical of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. This agricultural activity, while vital for the regional economy, introduces sources of particulate matter through crop residue burning, particularly during the post-harvest season. Chitauria’s proximity to the Ganges River, though providing a crucial water source, can also influence local weather patterns and, indirectly, air quality. The town exhibits a gradual urban–rural gradient, transitioning from a small settlement to agricultural land, with limited industrial presence directly within Chitauria itself. However, larger industrial belts are located within Bihar, and their emissions can be transported via prevailing winds. The flat terrain and limited topographical features impede air circulation, exacerbating the potential for pollutant build-up. The regional climate, dominated by monsoon patterns and seasonal temperature variations, further shapes the atmospheric conditions impacting air quality. The lack of significant natural barriers means Chitauria is susceptible to pollutants originating from distant sources, carried by the prevailing winds across the plains.

Chitauria’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by the region’s monsoon climate. The pre-monsoon season (March-May) typically witnesses the poorest air quality, driven by a combination of factors. Agricultural burning of crop residue after the harvest peaks during this period, releasing substantial amounts of particulate matter and gases. High temperatures and low wind speeds contribute to stagnant air conditions, trapping pollutants close to the ground. Temperature inversions, common during this time, further exacerbate the problem by preventing vertical mixing. The monsoon season (June-September) brings relief, as increased rainfall and stronger winds naturally cleanse the atmosphere, significantly reducing pollution levels. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to waterlogging and the release of methane from decomposing organic matter, a greenhouse gas. The post-monsoon season (October-November) sees a resurgence of agricultural burning, though often less intense than in the pre-monsoon period. Finally, the winter months (December-February) are characterized by cooler temperatures and frequent fog, which traps pollutants and reduces visibility. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon and winter months, limiting outdoor activity during peak pollution episodes. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purifiers is also advisable. The monsoon months generally offer the most favourable conditions for outdoor activities, though vigilance regarding waterborne diseases remains important.