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Dagmāra, a small town in Bihar, India, sits at coordinates 26.3953°N, 86.7601°E, within the Indo-Gangetic Plain. This vast, fertile expanse is characterized by relatively flat terrain, a legacy of alluvial deposits from the Ganges and its tributaries. Dagmāra’s elevation is low, contributing to limited atmospheric dispersion of pollutants. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with rice paddies and wheat fields dominating the rural areas immediately bordering the town. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, introduces sources of particulate matter through crop residue burning and fertilizer use. The town’s position isn’t near any major industrial belts, but regional brick kilns and smaller-scale industrial activity contribute to background pollution levels. The urban-rural gradient is sharp; Dagmāra is a concentrated settlement amidst a largely agrarian landscape. The lack of significant natural barriers like hills or forests hinders the flushing out of pollutants. Proximity to the Kosi River, while providing irrigation, also creates conditions for humidity and potential fog formation, trapping pollutants during cooler months. The flat topography and limited wind corridors exacerbate these issues, making Dagmāra particularly vulnerable to air quality challenges.

Dagmāra experiences a distinct seasonal air quality pattern dictated by the monsoon and post-monsoon periods. The monsoon season (June-September) generally brings temporary relief, as rainfall washes away particulate matter and increased humidity suppresses dust. However, stagnant air during breaks in the monsoon can lead to localised pollution build-up. October-November sees a significant deterioration in air quality. Post-monsoon conditions are characterised by cooler temperatures and temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. This coincides with increased agricultural burning of crop residue after the harvest, a major contributor to PM2.5 levels. December-February are typically the worst months, with consistently poor air quality due to low wind speeds, fog, and continued burning. March-May sees a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds pick up, dispersing pollutants. However, dust storms are common during this period, increasing particulate matter. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during October-February. Avoiding peak hours (early morning and evening) is advisable. During the monsoon, while generally cleaner, be mindful of potential mould growth indoors.