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Datiāna, nestled in the fertile plains of Bihar, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Ganges River basin. Located at approximately 25.4834° N, 84.8628° E, the city’s elevation is relatively low, around 55 meters above sea level, contributing to a tendency for pollutants to accumulate, particularly during periods of atmospheric stability. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, characterized by expansive fields of rice and wheat, typical of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. This agricultural activity, while vital to the regional economy, introduces sources of particulate matter through crop residue burning, a common practice after harvest. Datiāna’s proximity to the Ganges River, though providing a crucial water source, can also influence local weather patterns and contribute to humidity, which can trap pollutants. The urban–rural gradient around Datiāna is gradual, with smaller villages and agricultural lands transitioning seamlessly into the city’s built environment. While Datiāna itself is a small town, it sits within a broader regional network connected to larger urban centers like Patna, potentially experiencing some spillover effects from industrial activity and transportation corridors further afield. The flat terrain and lack of significant topographical features limit natural air circulation, exacerbating the potential for localized pollution build-up. The climate is subtropical, with hot, dry summers and a monsoon season, further influencing air quality dynamics.

Datiāna’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s subtropical climate and agricultural practices. The pre-monsoon months (March-May) typically experience the poorest air quality. Rising temperatures and decreasing rainfall create stable atmospheric conditions, often leading to temperature inversions where cooler air is trapped beneath a layer of warmer air, preventing vertical mixing and concentrating pollutants near the ground. Agricultural burning of crop residue is at its peak during this period, significantly increasing particulate matter concentrations. The monsoon season (June-September) brings relief, with increased rainfall and stronger winds dispersing pollutants. Humidity also rises, which can affect the composition of pollutants. Post-monsoon (October-November) sees a return to drier conditions, and while agricultural burning may continue, it’s generally less intense than in the pre-monsoon period. Winter (December-February) is characterized by cold temperatures and frequent fog, which further restricts air movement and traps pollutants, particularly in the early morning hours. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon and winter months, limiting outdoor activity during peak pollution times. Wearing masks and avoiding strenuous exercise when air quality is visibly poor are recommended. The monsoon season offers the most favourable period for outdoor activities, although humidity can still be a factor for some individuals. Awareness of prevailing wind directions can also help in planning outdoor excursions.