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Dewangarh, nestled in the plains of Bihar, India (24.8637° N, 85.8584° E), occupies a geographically strategic yet challenging position for air quality. Situated at a relatively low elevation, approximately 118 meters above sea level, the city experiences minimal topographic influence on wind patterns, often leading to pollutant stagnation. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, characterized by fertile alluvial soil deposited by the Ganga River system, a vital resource but also a potential source of biomass burning during harvest seasons. Dewangarh’s proximity to the Indo-Gangetic Plain contributes to its vulnerability to regional haze and transboundary pollution. The urban–rural gradient transitions rapidly, with agricultural fields and small villages bordering the city limits, influencing local emissions profiles. While Dewangarh lacks direct access to major rivers, groundwater is prevalent, supporting irrigation and potentially impacting soil moisture levels, which can affect particulate matter resuspension. The region’s climate is subtropical, with hot summers and a distinct monsoon season. Industrial activity, though currently limited, is gradually increasing with the development of small-scale manufacturing units, primarily focused on agricultural processing and local crafts. This nascent industrial growth, coupled with vehicular traffic and residential heating (particularly during cooler months), contributes to the city’s evolving air quality profile. The flat terrain and lack of significant elevation changes exacerbate the effects of temperature inversions, trapping pollutants close to the ground, especially during winter.

Dewangarh’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by its subtropical climate and regional meteorological influences. The pre-monsoon season (March-May) typically witnesses the poorest air quality, characterized by stagnant air, rising temperatures, and frequent dust storms originating from the arid regions of northwest India. Temperature inversions are common during this period, trapping pollutants and exacerbating respiratory issues. The monsoon season (June-September) brings relief, with increased rainfall and stronger winds dispersing pollutants. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to localized flooding and the release of pollutants from inundated areas. Post-monsoon (October-November) sees a return to calmer conditions, often accompanied by dense fog, which further restricts pollutant dispersion and elevates particulate matter concentrations. Agricultural burning, a common practice during this period to clear fields for the next planting season, significantly contributes to the pollution load. Winter months (December-February) are generally cooler, with frequent fog episodes and periods of temperature inversion, leading to prolonged episodes of poor air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during these periods, particularly during early morning and late evening hours when fog is most prevalent. During the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, wearing N95 masks and avoiding strenuous outdoor activities is advisable. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purifiers can also provide some protection.