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Dharampur Bānde, nestled in the Sheohar district of Bihar, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the fertile Gangetic plains. Located at approximately 25.66°N, 85.57°E, the town’s elevation hovers around 128 meters (420 feet) above sea level, contributing to a relatively flat terrain characteristic of the region. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, a patchwork of rice paddies, maize fields, and other crops vital to Bihar’s economy. This intensive agricultural activity, while supporting livelihoods, also contributes to localized air quality challenges through the burning of crop residue after harvest. Dharampur Bānde sits within a transitional zone, exhibiting a gradual urban–rural gradient. While it retains a distinctly rural character, the proximity to larger towns and regional transport routes introduces vehicular emissions. The Koshi River, though not immediately adjacent, influences the broader regional climate and can impact atmospheric stability. The town’s location within the Indo-Gangetic Plain means it’s susceptible to the regional weather patterns, including the influence of the Himalayas to the north, which can trap pollutants under certain meteorological conditions. Industrial activity is limited within Dharampur Bānde itself, but nearby industrial belts in surrounding districts can contribute to transboundary pollution episodes. The flat topography and prevailing wind patterns often lead to stagnant air conditions, particularly during cooler months, exacerbating the impact of local and regional pollution sources.

Dharampur Bānde’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s monsoon climate. The monsoon season, typically spanning June to September, brings relief from accumulated pollutants as frequent rainfall washes particulate matter from the atmosphere and strong winds disperse emissions. However, even during the monsoon, humidity can trap certain gaseous pollutants. The pre-monsoon period (March-May) is often the most challenging, characterized by rising temperatures, decreasing rainfall, and frequent temperature inversions. These inversions trap pollutants close to the ground, leading to a build-up of particulate matter and other emissions, particularly from agricultural burning. October and November see a gradual improvement as the monsoon recedes, but the burning of crop residue intensifies, creating a period of elevated pollution. Winter months (December-February) are typically the coldest, with frequent fog and calm conditions. This combination significantly reduces visibility and traps pollutants, creating a period of poor air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during these periods, especially during early morning hours when fog is prevalent. During the pre-monsoon and winter months, it’s advisable to wear masks and avoid strenuous outdoor exercise. The agricultural cycle significantly impacts air quality, with peak pollution often coinciding with harvest seasons. Public awareness campaigns promoting sustainable agricultural practices, such as alternative residue management techniques, are crucial for mitigating the impact of seasonal pollution.