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Dighaun, a small town nestled in the state of Bihar, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the fertile Gangetic plains. Located at approximately 25.5549° N, 86.8097° E, its coordinates place it within a relatively flat terrain, characteristic of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. The elevation is low, contributing to atmospheric stability and potential for pollutant accumulation. Dighaun’s proximity to the Ganges River (Ganga) is a defining feature, influencing local climate and potentially impacting air quality through moisture content and riverine emissions. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with vast stretches of farmland supporting rice and wheat cultivation – a significant source of biomass burning during harvest seasons. To the west, one finds the burgeoning industrial belt of Patna, Bihar’s capital, which introduces a gradient of industrial emissions impacting air quality in Dighaun. The urban–rural gradient is gradual, with Dighaun transitioning from agricultural fields to increasingly dense settlements as one approaches Patna. The town itself exhibits a modest urban character, with a mix of residential areas, local markets, and small-scale industries. The flat topography and limited natural barriers exacerbate the impact of regional pollution sources, as pollutants can readily spread across the plains. Furthermore, the prevailing wind patterns, often influenced by regional weather systems, dictate the direction of pollutant transport, affecting air quality fluctuations within Dighaun and its immediate surroundings. The lack of significant elevation changes hinders atmospheric dispersion, making the town susceptible to ground-level ozone and particulate matter build-up.

Dighaun’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by the monsoon and agricultural practices. The pre-monsoon season (March-May) typically witnesses the worst air quality, characterized by stagnant air and increased biomass burning from agricultural residue. Farmers often burn crop stubble to quickly clear fields for the next planting, releasing substantial amounts of particulate matter and other pollutants. Temperature inversions are common during this period, trapping pollutants near the ground. The monsoon season (June-September) brings relief, with increased rainfall and stronger winds dispersing pollutants. The high humidity also reduces the concentration of certain pollutants. However, monsoon winds can also carry pollutants from industrial areas upstream. The post-monsoon season (October-November) sees a resurgence of agricultural burning, mirroring the pre-monsoon conditions, though often less severe. The winter months (December-February) are generally cooler with frequent fog, which further restricts atmospheric mixing and traps pollutants, particularly particulate matter. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, especially on days with visible haze or fog. During the monsoon, while air quality improves overall, those with allergies should be mindful of increased pollen and mold counts. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purifiers is advisable throughout the year, particularly during periods of elevated pollution. Staying informed about local air quality forecasts and adhering to public health advisories is crucial for minimizing exposure and protecting respiratory health.