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Doria Sonāpur, nestled in the state of Bihar, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the fertile Gangetic plains. Located at approximately 26.1830° N, 87.3873° E, the city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Indo-Gangetic alluvial plain. This low-lying topography, averaging around 30 meters above sea level, contributes to a tendency for pollutants to accumulate, particularly during periods of atmospheric stability. The surrounding landscape is dominated by agricultural fields – primarily rice and maize cultivation – which, while vital to the regional economy, can contribute to seasonal particulate matter through crop residue burning, a common practice after harvest. Doria Sonāpur’s proximity to the Ganges River, though providing a crucial water source, also influences local weather patterns, occasionally leading to humidity and fog, which can trap pollutants close to the ground. The urban–rural gradient around Doria Sonāpur is relatively gradual, with small villages and agricultural land seamlessly blending into the city’s periphery. While not directly adjacent to major industrial belts, the city’s location within Bihar places it within reach of industrial activity in areas like Barauni and Munger, potentially impacting air quality through long-range transport of pollutants. The flat terrain and prevailing wind patterns, often light and variable, further exacerbate the challenges in dispersing air pollutants, making Doria Sonāpur susceptible to localized air quality issues.

Doria Sonāpur’s air quality exhibits a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s monsoon climate. The pre-monsoon season (March-May) typically witnesses the poorest air quality, characterized by a build-up of pollutants due to stagnant air and increased agricultural burning. Temperatures rise significantly, leading to thermal inversions – a phenomenon where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, preventing vertical mixing and concentrating pollutants. The monsoon season (June-September) brings relief as strong winds and frequent rainfall effectively flush out atmospheric contaminants, significantly improving air quality. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to waterlogging and the release of bio-volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) from decaying vegetation. The post-monsoon season (October-November) sees a gradual return to poorer air quality as wind speeds decrease and agricultural burning resumes. Fog, common during this period, further exacerbates the problem by trapping pollutants near the surface. Winter months (December-February) are generally cooler, but persistent fog and temperature inversions can lead to periods of reduced visibility and elevated pollutant concentrations. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, limiting outdoor activities during peak pollution episodes. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purifiers is also advisable during these periods. The monsoon months offer the most favourable conditions for outdoor activities, but awareness of potential BVOC emissions should still be maintained.