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Forbesganj, Bihar, situated at approximately 26.3000° N, 87.2650° E, occupies a geographically significant position within the fertile Gangetic plains of India. The city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, with gentle undulations defining the surrounding landscape. Elevation is relatively low, contributing to atmospheric stability and potential for pollutant accumulation. Forbesganj lies near the border of Bihar and West Bengal, a region historically vital for agriculture, and this proximity significantly influences its air quality profile. The surrounding area is dominated by agricultural land, primarily rice and maize cultivation, with associated practices like crop residue burning contributing to seasonal particulate matter. To the east, the landscape gradually transitions towards the Terai region, a low-lying, swampy area. While Forbesganj itself lacks immediate proximity to major rivers, the Koshi River system is not far, influencing regional humidity and weather patterns. The urban–rural gradient around Forbesganj is relatively sharp; the city acts as a local commercial hub for surrounding agricultural communities, leading to increased vehicular traffic and localized industrial activity, primarily related to agricultural processing and small-scale manufacturing. This combination of agricultural influence, moderate industrial presence, and flat topography creates a setting where air quality is susceptible to both regional and local pollution sources, particularly during periods of stagnant air and agricultural burning.

Forbesganj’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by the region’s monsoon climate. The dry season, typically spanning October to May, presents the most significant air quality challenges. During these months, lower humidity and reduced rainfall contribute to the accumulation of pollutants. Agricultural burning, a common practice after the harvest season (October-November), releases substantial quantities of particulate matter and gases, dramatically impacting air quality. Temperature inversions, frequently occurring during the cooler months (December-February), trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating the problem. The monsoon season (June-September) brings relief, with frequent rainfall washing away pollutants and strong winds dispersing them. However, even during the monsoon, periods of low wind speed and increased humidity can lead to localized fog, which traps pollutants and reduces visibility. The transitional months of March-May see a gradual increase in temperature and decreasing rainfall, often accompanied by rising levels of pollutants as agricultural activity resumes. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of agricultural burning and temperature inversions. Outdoor activities are generally best avoided during these times, and the use of air purifiers and masks is recommended. The monsoon months offer a window of improved air quality, but vigilance is still advised during periods of fog.