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Gajhara, nestled in the state of Bihar, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the fertile Gangetic plains. Located at approximately 26.5237° N, 86.3715° E, the town’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Indo-Gangetic alluvial plain, resulting in minimal elevation changes. This flatness, while conducive to agriculture, presents challenges for air quality dispersion. Gajhara lies within a region heavily reliant on agriculture, with surrounding landscapes dominated by rice paddies and other cultivated fields, contributing to seasonal biomass burning. The proximity to the Ganges River, though providing a vital water source, can also influence local weather patterns and, under certain conditions, trap pollutants. The urban–rural gradient around Gajhara is gradual; the town itself is relatively small, transitioning quickly into agricultural land. Further afield, larger industrial zones in Bihar, particularly those related to fertilizer production and brick kilns, can contribute to regional air pollution that impacts Gajhara. The prevailing winds, often influenced by the monsoon patterns, play a crucial role in transporting pollutants from these sources. The lack of significant topographical features hinders the natural cleansing of the atmosphere, leading to potential accumulation of pollutants, especially during periods of stagnant air. The flat terrain and agricultural surroundings combine to create a unique environmental context where agricultural practices and regional industrial activity significantly shape the local air quality profile.

Gajhara’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by the region’s monsoon climate. The pre-monsoon months (March-May) typically see the worst air quality, driven by a combination of factors. Agricultural residue burning, a common practice after the harvest season, releases substantial amounts of particulate matter and other pollutants. High temperatures and low wind speeds during this period exacerbate the problem, leading to stagnant air and pollutant accumulation. Temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, are also more frequent, further hindering vertical mixing and trapping pollutants. The monsoon season (June-September) brings relief, with increased rainfall and stronger winds that effectively flush out pollutants. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to increased humidity and the formation of secondary pollutants. Post-monsoon (October-November) sees a resurgence of agricultural burning, mirroring the pre-monsoon conditions, though often less intense. Winter months (December-February) are characterized by cooler temperatures and frequent fog, which can trap pollutants near the ground, particularly in the mornings. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods, limiting outdoor activity during peak pollution times. The monsoon offers a window of improved air quality, but vigilance is still advised, especially during periods of heavy rainfall and fog. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can also be beneficial during periods of poor outdoor air quality.