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Gangāpur, nestled in the fertile plains of Bihar, India (25.5136° N, 86.8957° E), occupies a geographically significant position within the Gangetic Basin. The city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, with an average elevation of approximately 55 meters above sea level. This low elevation, coupled with the proximity to the Ganges River (Gangā), influences local weather patterns and contributes to air quality challenges. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural fields – primarily rice and wheat cultivation – interspersed with small villages and scattered groves of trees. This agricultural zone, while vital for the regional economy, contributes to seasonal particulate matter pollution through crop residue burning, particularly during the post-harvest period. To the west, a gradual urban–rural gradient transitions into more sparsely populated areas. The city itself exhibits a developing urban character, with a mix of traditional dwellings and newer construction, reflecting a growing population and economic activity. The flat topography limits natural air dispersion, and the lack of significant elevation changes exacerbates the trapping of pollutants, especially during periods of stagnant air. The Gangā River, while a source of water and livelihood, can also contribute to humidity and fog formation, further impacting air quality by reducing visibility and trapping pollutants close to the ground. Industrial activity, though currently limited, is gradually increasing, posing a potential future threat to the city’s air quality.

Gangāpur’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s monsoon climate. The pre-monsoon season (March-May) typically witnesses the worst air quality, driven by a combination of factors. Agricultural burning of crop residue after the winter harvest releases significant quantities of particulate matter, while rising temperatures and decreasing wind speeds create atmospheric stability, leading to temperature inversions that trap pollutants near the surface. Dust storms, common during this period, further degrade air quality. The monsoon season (June-September) brings relief as the southwest monsoon winds sweep away accumulated pollutants, resulting in significantly improved air quality. However, increased humidity can sometimes exacerbate respiratory issues for sensitive individuals. The post-monsoon season (October-November) sees a return to poorer air quality as agricultural burning resumes, though often to a lesser extent than in the pre-monsoon period. The winter months (December-February) are characterized by cold temperatures and frequent fog, which reduces visibility and traps pollutants, creating a stagnant air mass. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during the pre-monsoon and winter months, particularly on days with dense fog or visible haze. Wearing masks and avoiding strenuous activity can also help mitigate exposure. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purifiers is advisable during periods of elevated pollution.