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Garhpura, nestled in the Sheohar district of Bihar, India (25.6638° N, 86.1818° E), occupies a geographically significant position within the fertile Gangetic plains. The city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, with an average elevation of approximately 128 meters above sea level. This low-lying topography, while conducive to agriculture, presents challenges regarding air quality dispersion. Garhpura is surrounded by a mosaic of agricultural land, primarily dedicated to rice and maize cultivation, interspersed with smaller villages, creating a gradual urban-rural gradient. The proximity to the Koshi River, though providing a vital water source, can also contribute to localized humidity and fog formation, impacting pollutant behaviour. The region’s climate is subtropical, experiencing hot summers and cool winters. While Garhpura itself isn't situated directly within a major industrial belt, it lies within a broader agricultural region that utilizes fertilizers and pesticides, contributing to ammonia and particulate matter emissions. Furthermore, the city’s connectivity to larger urban centers like Muzaffarpur and Sitamarhi via road networks means it is susceptible to transboundary pollution, with vehicular emissions playing a role. The flat landscape limits vertical mixing of air pollutants, potentially leading to ground-level concentrations, especially during periods of stagnant air. The surrounding landscape, largely agricultural, influences the types of pollutants prevalent, with biomass burning from crop residue a significant seasonal factor.

Garhpura’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by its subtropical climate and agricultural practices. The pre-monsoon season (March-May) typically witnesses the poorest air quality. High temperatures exacerbate the effects of agricultural burning, as farmers clear crop residue, releasing substantial amounts of particulate matter and gases. This period is often characterized by stagnant air conditions and temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. The monsoon season (June-September) brings relief, with increased rainfall and wind speeds dispersing pollutants. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to waterlogging and the release of methane from flooded fields. The post-monsoon season (October-November) sees a resurgence of agricultural burning as farmers prepare for the next planting season, again leading to elevated pollution levels. Winter months (December-February) are often marked by dense fog, which significantly reduces visibility and traps pollutants, creating a hazy atmosphere. The combination of cold temperatures and stagnant air during this period can be particularly challenging. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, and on foggy winter days. Wearing masks, particularly N95 respirators, can offer some protection. Public health advisories are crucial during peak pollution periods, emphasizing the importance of indoor air quality and minimizing exposure to outdoor pollutants. The agricultural cycle and meteorological conditions are the primary drivers of Garhpura’s air quality fluctuations.