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Gethaura, nestled in the plains of Bihar, India (25.6879° N, 87.7092° E), occupies a geographically strategic yet challenging position concerning air quality. The city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Gangetic plains, with an elevation of approximately 55 meters above sea level. This low elevation contributes to atmospheric stability, hindering vertical mixing and trapping pollutants closer to the ground, particularly during periods of calm weather. Gethaura is surrounded by a mosaic of agricultural land, primarily dedicated to rice and maize cultivation, which, while vital for the regional economy, introduces seasonal biomass burning as a significant pollution source. To the west, the landscape gradually transitions into more undulating terrain, but remains largely agrarian. The proximity to the Ganges River, though providing a crucial water source, can also influence local weather patterns, occasionally leading to humidity that exacerbates particulate matter issues. The urban–rural gradient around Gethaura is relatively sharp; the city itself is small, but its location along transport routes connecting larger urban centers like Patna means it experiences increased vehicular traffic. Furthermore, the region is part of a broader industrial belt, with smaller-scale industries (often lacking stringent emission controls) operating in surrounding areas, contributing to localized air pollution. The flat topography and prevailing wind patterns often funnel pollutants towards Gethaura, compounding the challenges of maintaining clean air.

Gethaura’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s monsoon climate. The monsoon season, typically spanning June to September, brings relief from particulate matter pollution due to frequent rainfall and increased wind speeds that disperse pollutants. However, humidity levels remain high, which can exacerbate respiratory issues for sensitive individuals. The pre-monsoon period (March-May) is notoriously challenging. Rising temperatures and decreasing wind speeds create conditions ripe for temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the surface. Agricultural burning, a common practice for clearing fields after the harvest, intensifies during this period, significantly increasing PM2.5 and PM10 levels. October and November see a continuation of agricultural burning, although often at a reduced intensity compared to the pre-monsoon peak. Winter months (December-February) are characterized by colder temperatures and frequent fog, which further restricts atmospheric mixing and concentrates pollutants. The combination of cold air, low wind speeds, and fog creates a persistent haze. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during the pre-monsoon and winter months, particularly during foggy days. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purifiers is also advisable. The monsoon offers a respite, but high humidity necessitates precautions for those with dampness-related health concerns.