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Gosaingaon, nestled in the state of Bihar, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the fertile Gangetic plains. Located at approximately 25.3724° N, 87.1049° E, the town’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Indo-Gangetic alluvial plain. The elevation is relatively low, contributing to a tendency for pollutants to accumulate, particularly during periods of atmospheric stability. Gosaingaon’s proximity to the Ganges River, though providing a vital water source, can also influence local air quality through humidity and potential for riverine pollutant transport. The surrounding landscape is dominated by agricultural land, with rice and maize being primary crops, leading to seasonal agricultural burning which significantly impacts air quality. The urban–rural gradient around Gosaingaon is gradual; the town itself is a small urban centre surrounded by a network of villages, meaning agricultural practices and rural activities directly influence the air breathed by its residents. While not directly adjacent to major industrial belts, Gosaingaon’s location within Bihar places it within reach of industrial zones in areas like Barauni and Munger, potentially experiencing downwind pollution episodes. The flat topography and prevailing wind patterns often trap pollutants, exacerbating local air quality challenges. The lack of significant natural barriers further limits dispersion, making the town susceptible to regional pollution events originating from larger urban centres further north.

Gosaingaon’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s monsoon climate. The dry season, typically spanning from October to May, presents the most significant air quality concerns. During these months, lower humidity and reduced rainfall contribute to a build-up of particulate matter, often exacerbated by agricultural burning as farmers clear fields after the harvest. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler evenings of November and December, trap pollutants close to the ground, leading to periods of poor visibility and heightened respiratory irritation. The monsoon season, from June to September, brings relief as rainfall washes away pollutants and strong winds disperse accumulated emissions. However, the monsoon also introduces its own challenges; increased humidity can promote the formation of secondary pollutants, and heavy rainfall can lead to flooding, potentially releasing pollutants from stagnant water sources. January and February often experience dense fog, further restricting pollutant dispersion and worsening air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of agricultural burning and temperature inversions. Outdoor activities are best avoided during these times, and the use of air purifiers and masks is recommended. The transitional months of March-April and September-October offer relatively improved air quality, making them more favourable for outdoor pursuits, though vigilance remains important.