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Gothini, nestled in the state of Bihar, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the fertile Gangetic plains. Located at approximately 26.1626° N latitude and 84.0379° E longitude, the town’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Indo-Gangetic alluvial plain. The elevation is relatively low, contributing to a tendency for pollutants to accumulate, particularly during periods of atmospheric stability. Gothini’s proximity to the Ganges River, though not directly adjacent, influences regional weather patterns and humidity levels, which can impact the dispersion of airborne particles. The surrounding landscape is dominated by agricultural land, primarily rice and wheat cultivation, a significant factor in seasonal air quality fluctuations due to biomass burning practices during harvest periods. The urban–rural gradient around Gothini is gradual; the town itself is small, but it serves as a local trading hub for surrounding villages. Further afield, the region is characterized by a mix of agricultural fields and small settlements. Industrial activity in the immediate vicinity is limited, but Gothini’s location within Bihar places it within reach of larger industrial belts in the state, potentially contributing to long-range transport of pollutants. The flat topography and prevailing wind patterns often result in stagnant air conditions, especially during cooler months, exacerbating local pollution sources. The lack of significant natural barriers further limits the natural dispersal of pollutants, making Gothini susceptible to poor air quality episodes.

Gothini’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s monsoon climate. The monsoon season, typically spanning from June to September, brings relief from accumulated pollutants as frequent rainfall washes away particulate matter and strong winds disperse gaseous pollutants. However, the monsoon also introduces humidity, which can trap certain pollutants closer to the ground. The pre-monsoon period (March-May) is often the most challenging, characterized by rising temperatures, decreasing rainfall, and a prevalence of temperature inversions. These inversions trap pollutants near the surface, leading to a significant build-up of smog. Agricultural burning, a common practice to clear fields for the next planting season, intensifies during this period, releasing substantial amounts of smoke and particulate matter. October and November see a gradual improvement as the monsoon recedes and winds pick up, but lingering smoke from agricultural practices can still impact air quality. Winter months (December-February) are typically the coldest and foggiest, with frequent temperature inversions and reduced wind speeds. This combination creates ideal conditions for pollutant accumulation, particularly from residential heating and cooking practices. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during these months, especially during foggy mornings. During the pre-monsoon and winter months, it’s advisable to wear masks and avoid strenuous outdoor exercise. The monsoon offers a respite, but even then, those with sensitivities should monitor local conditions and take precautions if necessary.