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Harsinghpur, nestled in the state of Bihar, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the fertile Gangetic plains. Located at approximately 26.0504° N, 86.2180° E, the town’s elevation is relatively low, around 98 meters above sea level, contributing to a tendency for pollutants to accumulate, particularly during periods of atmospheric stability. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, characterized by expansive fields of rice and maize, typical of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. This agricultural activity, while vital to the regional economy, introduces sources of particulate matter through crop residue burning, a common practice after harvest. Harsinghpur sits within a gradual urban–rural gradient; while it maintains a distinct rural character, it’s increasingly influenced by the broader urban sprawl emanating from larger regional hubs. The proximity to the Ganges River, though providing a crucial water source, can also influence local weather patterns, occasionally leading to increased humidity and stagnant air conditions. The region’s terrain is generally flat, limiting natural ventilation and exacerbating the potential for pollutant trapping. Further complicating matters, the town’s location places it within a zone susceptible to influence from industrial activity in nearby districts, with emissions potentially transported by prevailing winds. The lack of significant topographical features means that air quality is heavily reliant on meteorological conditions and local emission controls.

Harsinghpur’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by the region’s monsoon climate. The dry season, spanning roughly October to May, typically witnesses the poorest air quality. During these months, lower humidity and reduced rainfall contribute to a build-up of pollutants. Agricultural burning, prevalent in November and December following the harvest season, significantly elevates particulate matter concentrations. Temperature inversions, common during the colder months (December-February), trap pollutants near the ground, further worsening conditions. The monsoon season (June-September) brings relief, with frequent rainfall washing away pollutants and strong winds dispersing them. However, even during the monsoon, periods of stagnant air and fog, particularly in July and August, can temporarily degrade air quality. The transition months of March-May see a gradual increase in temperature and decreasing rainfall, leading to a slow deterioration in air quality as agricultural activities resume. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of agricultural burning and temperature inversions. Limiting outdoor exertion during foggy mornings and avoiding areas with visible smoke are advisable. The monsoon months generally offer a more breathable environment, but vigilance is still necessary during periods of fog or stagnant air. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can provide additional protection.