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Hāvi Bhauār, nestled in the state of Bihar, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the fertile Gangetic plains. Located at approximately 26.1091° latitude and 86.1059° longitude, the city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Indo-Gangetic alluvial plain. The elevation is relatively low, contributing to a tendency for pollutants to accumulate, particularly during periods of atmospheric stability. The surrounding landscape is dominated by agricultural fields – rice and wheat cultivation are prevalent – which, while vital for the regional economy, can contribute to particulate matter through seasonal burning practices. Hāvi Bhauār sits within a gradual urban–rural gradient; while it maintains a distinct village character, it’s increasingly influenced by the broader regional development and connectivity. The proximity to the Ganges River, though providing a crucial water source, can also influence local weather patterns and, under certain conditions, contribute to humidity and stagnant air masses. There are no major industrial belts immediately adjacent to Hāvi Bhauār, however, the city’s connection to larger regional transport networks means it is susceptible to transboundary pollution. The flat topography and limited natural barriers exacerbate the impact of regional air pollution events, making the city particularly vulnerable to the effects of wind-borne pollutants from distant industrial areas and agricultural regions. The soil composition, rich in silt and clay, can also contribute to dust resuspension, further impacting air quality.

Hāvi Bhauār experiences a distinct wet and dry season, significantly influencing its air quality profile. The dry season, typically spanning from October to May, presents the most challenging period. Reduced rainfall and lower humidity create conditions conducive to dust resuspension from agricultural lands and unpaved roads. Temperature inversions, common during the colder months (December-February), trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating the problem. Agricultural burning, a widespread practice after the harvest season, releases substantial amounts of particulate matter and gases, contributing to a noticeable decline in air quality. The monsoon season (June-September) brings relief, with frequent rainfall washing away pollutants and strong winds dispersing them. However, even during the monsoon, periods of calm weather can lead to localized pollution build-up. Fog, particularly prevalent in November and December, further restricts atmospheric mixing and traps pollutants, reducing visibility and impacting respiratory health. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, especially during periods of agricultural burning and fog. Limiting outdoor exertion and wearing appropriate masks are advisable. The transitional months of March-April and September-October see a gradual improvement in air quality as rainfall increases and agricultural burning decreases, offering windows for more comfortable outdoor activities. Maintaining awareness of regional weather patterns and local air quality reports is crucial for informed decision-making.