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Itāhri, a small city nestled within the state of Bihar, India, occupies a geographically significant position in the Gangetic plains. Located at coordinates 25.3130°N, 86.5459°E, the city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the alluvial plains formed by the Ganges River and its tributaries. The surrounding landscape is intensely agricultural, dominated by rice paddies and wheat fields, reflecting Bihar’s strong agrarian economy. Itāhri’s elevation is relatively low, contributing to limited atmospheric dispersion of pollutants. The Phalgu River, a sacred tributary of the Ganges, flows nearby, but its influence on local air quality is more related to seasonal humidity and potential for localised dust suspension than direct pollutant transport. The urban-rural gradient is sharp; Itāhri is surrounded by villages and agricultural land, meaning that seasonal agricultural burning practices significantly impact air quality. While not a major industrial hub itself, Itāhri’s proximity to larger industrial areas in Bihar contributes to regional background pollution levels. The city’s compact size and limited infrastructure exacerbate the impact of local emission sources, such as vehicular traffic and residential fuel burning. This combination of factors creates a unique air quality profile for Itāhri, demanding focused mitigation strategies.

Itāhri experiences a distinct seasonal air quality pattern dictated by the monsoon and post-monsoon climate. The pre-monsoon months (April-June) are typically the worst for air quality. Rising temperatures create stable atmospheric conditions, trapping pollutants from agricultural fires preparing fields for sowing and increased dust from dry landscapes. May and June often see hazy conditions. The arrival of the monsoon (July-September) brings a temporary respite, as rainfall washes away particulate matter and increased humidity suppresses dust. However, the monsoon can also lead to localised flooding, increasing mould spore concentrations. Post-monsoon (October-November) sees a resurgence of pollution, driven by the burning of crop residue after the harvest, particularly rice straw, creating a thick smog. This period is particularly hazardous. Winter (December-February) brings cooler temperatures and frequent temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground, especially from residential heating and vehicular emissions. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during October-November and December-February. Avoiding peak hours and using masks can offer some protection. Monitoring local conditions is crucial.