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Jaitpur, Bihar, situated at approximately 25.9132° N, 84.5730° E, occupies a geographically significant position within the fertile plains of the Indo-Gangetic Basin. The region is characterized by a relatively flat terrain, typical of the Gangetic plains, with an elevation of around 55 meters above sea level. This low elevation contributes to a tendency for pollutants to accumulate, particularly during periods of stagnant air. Jaitpur’s location within Bihar places it in close proximity to extensive agricultural lands, a crucial factor influencing air quality. The surrounding landscape is dominated by cultivated fields, primarily rice and wheat, with seasonal burning of crop residue being a significant contributor to particulate matter pollution. While not directly adjacent to major rivers, the region is influenced by the Ganges River basin, impacting humidity and local weather patterns. The urban–rural gradient around Jaitpur is gradual, with smaller settlements and agricultural areas blending into the broader landscape. The absence of significant industrial belts immediately surrounding Jaitpur mitigates some industrial pollution, however, emissions from regional industrial hubs and vehicular traffic from connecting roadways still impact air quality. The flat topography and prevailing wind patterns often lead to the trapping of pollutants, especially during cooler months, exacerbating air quality challenges. The local climate, characterized by hot summers and a distinct monsoon season, further influences the dispersion and concentration of airborne pollutants.

Jaitpur’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s monsoonal climate. The monsoon season, typically spanning from June to September, brings relief from accumulated pollutants due to frequent rainfall and increased wind speeds, effectively flushing the atmosphere. However, the preceding pre-monsoon period (March-May) often witnesses a sharp deterioration in air quality. High temperatures, coupled with stagnant air and the burning of agricultural residue after the harvest, lead to elevated levels of particulate matter. The post-monsoon season (October-November) presents a similar challenge, with cooler temperatures and frequent fog trapping pollutants close to the ground. Temperature inversions, common during these months, further exacerbate the problem by preventing vertical mixing of the air. Winter (December-February) is generally the most challenging period, with persistent fog and low temperatures contributing to poor visibility and elevated pollution levels. Outdoor activities are best avoided during the pre-monsoon and winter months, particularly for vulnerable populations such as children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions. During the monsoon, air quality generally improves, making it a more favourable time for outdoor pursuits. Individuals with pre-existing respiratory ailments should consult their physicians regarding preventative measures and potential limitations on outdoor exposure during periods of poor air quality, regardless of the season. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can also offer some protection.