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Jethuli, nestled in the state of Bihar, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the fertile Gangetic plains. Located at approximately 25.5378° N, 85.2841° E, the town’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Indo-Gangetic alluvial plain, resulting in minimal elevation changes. This flatness, while conducive to agriculture, presents challenges regarding air quality dispersion. Jethuli lies within a region heavily reliant on agriculture, with surrounding landscapes dominated by rice paddies and other cultivated fields. The proximity to the Ganges River, though providing a vital water source, can also contribute to humidity and stagnant air conditions, particularly during certain times of the year, hindering pollutant dispersal. The urban–rural gradient around Jethuli is gradual; the town itself is relatively small, transitioning quickly into agricultural land. While Jethuli isn't directly adjacent to major industrial belts, it’s situated within Bihar, a state experiencing increasing industrial development, and the potential for pollutants transported from larger industrial centers further afield is a factor. The flat topography and prevailing wind patterns often lead to pollutants accumulating locally, especially during periods of low wind speed. The soil composition, rich in silt and clay, can also contribute to dust resuspension, further impacting air quality. The lack of significant natural barriers means the town is exposed to pollutants originating from a wider regional area, making local mitigation efforts crucial.

Jethuli’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by the monsoon and regional weather patterns. The dry season, typically spanning from October to May, presents the most significant air quality challenges. During these months, lower humidity and reduced rainfall lead to increased dust levels from agricultural activities and construction. Temperature inversions, common during the colder months (December-February), trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating the problem. The prevailing winds are often light and variable, further hindering dispersion. The period from March to May sees a rise in agricultural burning as farmers clear fields for the next planting season, contributing significantly to particulate matter pollution. The monsoon season, from June to September, brings a welcome respite. Heavy rainfall effectively washes pollutants from the atmosphere, and increased wind speeds facilitate their dispersal. However, the monsoon can also bring localized flooding, which can temporarily release pollutants from inundated areas. The transitional periods (October and November) are often characterized by a gradual improvement in air quality as the monsoon recedes and before the dry season fully establishes. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during agricultural burning periods. Limiting outdoor exertion and wearing masks can help mitigate exposure. During the monsoon, while overall air quality improves, vigilance regarding waterborne diseases is essential.