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Jirwa, nestled in the state of Bihar, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the fertile Gangetic plains. Located at approximately 26.0064° N, 86.8604° E, the town’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Indo-Gangetic alluvial plain. The elevation is relatively low, contributing to a tendency for pollutants to accumulate, particularly during periods of atmospheric stability. Jirwa’s proximity to the Ganges River, though providing a vital water source, can also influence local air quality; moisture from the river can trap particulate matter under certain meteorological conditions. The surrounding landscape is dominated by agricultural land, with rice and maize being primary crops, leading to seasonal agricultural burning which significantly impacts air quality. The urban–rural gradient around Jirwa is gradual, with small villages and agricultural fields transitioning seamlessly into the town’s limited urban footprint. While Jirwa itself is a small town, it sits within a broader region experiencing increasing industrial activity, particularly in nearby districts, which contributes to regional pollution transport. The lack of significant topographical features—hills or valleys—further limits natural air dispersion, exacerbating the impact of local and regional pollution sources. The flat terrain also means that wind patterns are largely dictated by larger-scale weather systems, making Jirwa susceptible to stagnant air conditions and the build-up of pollutants. The soil composition, rich in silt and clay, can also contribute to dust resuspension, a common source of particulate matter.

Jirwa’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s monsoon climate. The pre-monsoon season (March-May) typically witnesses the worst air quality, characterized by high levels of particulate matter. This is due to a combination of factors: agricultural residue burning following the harvest season, increasing temperatures leading to higher ozone formation, and frequent temperature inversions that trap pollutants close to the ground. The monsoon season (June-September) brings relief, with heavy rainfall effectively washing away pollutants and strong winds dispersing them. However, periods of intense rainfall can also lead to localized flooding, which can temporarily increase particulate matter from resuspended sediments. The post-monsoon season (October-November) sees a return to poorer air quality as agricultural burning resumes, although generally less intense than in the pre-monsoon period. Winter months (December-February) are often characterized by fog, which significantly reduces visibility and traps pollutants, creating a stagnant air mass. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon and winter months, limiting outdoor activity during peak pollution periods. The months of April and May are particularly challenging, and it’s advisable to wear masks and avoid strenuous outdoor exertion. During the monsoon, while air quality generally improves, individuals with allergies should be mindful of pollen counts and potential fungal spores released by damp conditions. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purifiers is crucial throughout the year, especially during periods of elevated pollution.