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Kajur, a small town in Bihar, India, sits at coordinates 24.8768°N, 85.2920°E, within the Indo-Gangetic Plain. This vast, fertile expanse is characterized by relatively flat terrain, a legacy of alluvial deposits from the Ganges and its tributaries. Kajur’s elevation is low, contributing to limited atmospheric dispersion of pollutants. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with rice paddies and wheat fields dominating the rural areas immediately bordering the town. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, introduces sources of particulate matter through crop residue burning and fertilizer use. The proximity to larger urban centres like Patna, approximately 120km to the east, means Kajur is increasingly influenced by regional pollution transport. The urban-rural gradient is sharp; Kajur itself is a relatively small settlement, but its connectivity to the wider regional network is growing. The lack of significant natural barriers – hills or forests – allows pollutants to accumulate, particularly during periods of stagnant air. The seasonal flooding common to the region can also mobilize dust and pollutants. The local climate, typical of the Gangetic plain, exacerbates these issues, with high humidity and temperature fluctuations impacting pollutant behaviour.

Kajur experiences a distinct seasonal air quality pattern. The post-monsoon period, from October to November, is often the most polluted. The receding monsoon leaves behind stagnant air, while agricultural burning of crop residue after the harvest peaks during this time, releasing significant amounts of particulate matter. Cooler temperatures and temperature inversions trap pollutants near the ground. Winter, from December to February, sees continued poor air quality due to these inversions and increased reliance on biomass burning for heating. The pre-monsoon months, March to May, bring rising temperatures and dust storms, elevating particulate matter levels. The monsoon season, June to September, generally offers the cleanest air. Heavy rainfall effectively washes pollutants from the atmosphere, and increased wind speeds aid dispersion. However, high humidity can promote the formation of secondary pollutants. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during October-November and December-February. Avoid strenuous exercise during peak pollution times. The monsoon, while offering relief, can also bring mould spores, impacting those with allergies. Monitoring local conditions is crucial.