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Kālikāpur, a small town in the Bihar plains of India (26.4956°N, 86.0890°E), occupies a low-lying position within the Indo-Gangetic Plain. Its elevation, typical of the region, is minimal, contributing to limited atmospheric dispersion of pollutants. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, characterized by intensive farming of rice, wheat, and sugarcane. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, introduces particulate matter from crop residue burning and fertilizer application. Kālikāpur’s proximity to larger urban centres like Patna (approximately 70km to the east) means it’s increasingly influenced by regional pollution transport. The Burhi Gandak river flows nearby, but its role in air purification is limited due to slow flow and potential for localised humidity contributing to pollutant stagnation. The urban-rural gradient is sharp; Kālikāpur itself is a relatively small settlement, but surrounding villages contribute to dispersed emissions from biomass burning for cooking and heating. Industrial activity is limited within Kālikāpur itself, but the broader region is experiencing growth in small-scale brick kilns and agro-processing, adding to the pollution burden. The flat terrain and lack of significant windbreaks exacerbate the concentration of pollutants, particularly during stable atmospheric conditions. This geographical setting creates a challenging environment for maintaining good air quality.

Kālikāpur experiences a distinct seasonal air quality pattern dictated by the monsoon and post-monsoon periods. The summer months (April-June) see rising temperatures and stagnant air, leading to increased dust and pollutant concentrations from agricultural activities and local traffic. October-November, following the monsoon’s retreat, is often the worst period. Cooler temperatures create temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground, combined with post-harvest crop residue burning. This period sees a significant increase in particulate matter. The monsoon season (July-September) provides temporary relief, as rainfall washes pollutants from the air and increased wind speeds aid dispersion. However, high humidity can also promote secondary pollutant formation. Winter (December-February) brings cooler, drier conditions, with fog potentially exacerbating particulate matter levels. For sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – avoiding outdoor activity during October-November and early mornings in winter is advisable. Wearing masks and using air purifiers indoors are recommended during peak pollution periods. Monitoring local weather patterns and agricultural practices can help anticipate pollution spikes.