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Kamrāwān, nestled in the state of Bihar, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the fertile Gangetic plains. Located at approximately 25.6956° N, 85.8380° E, the city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, with an elevation of roughly 55 meters above sea level. This low-lying topography contributes to a tendency for pollutants to accumulate, particularly during periods of atmospheric stability. The surrounding landscape is dominated by agricultural land, a patchwork of fields cultivated with rice, wheat, and pulses, which contributes to seasonal particulate matter from agricultural burning. Kamrāwān’s proximity to the Ganges River, though providing a vital water source, can also influence local weather patterns and, occasionally, introduce riverine pollutants into the air. The urban–rural gradient around Kamrāwān is relatively gradual; the city blends seamlessly into the agricultural hinterland, meaning that rural activities directly impact the urban air quality. While not situated directly within a major industrial belt, the region experiences increased traffic volume due to its role as a transportation hub connecting various districts within Bihar. The flat terrain and prevailing wind patterns often result in pollutants originating from distant sources being transported and concentrated in the local atmosphere, exacerbating air quality challenges. The lack of significant natural barriers further limits dispersion, making Kamrāwān susceptible to regional pollution episodes.

Kamrāwān’s air quality exhibits a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by the monsoon and the region’s climate. The pre-monsoon season (March-May) typically witnesses the poorest air quality. Rising temperatures and decreasing wind speeds create atmospheric stability, fostering temperature inversions that trap pollutants near the ground. Agricultural burning, a common practice to clear fields for the planting season, significantly contributes to particulate matter pollution during this period. The monsoon season (June-September) brings relief, with increased rainfall and stronger winds dispersing pollutants. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to increased humidity and the release of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), which can react with other pollutants to form secondary aerosols. Post-monsoon (October-November) sees a return to calmer conditions, and agricultural burning resumes, leading to another period of elevated pollution. Winter months (December-February) are often characterized by fog, which further restricts visibility and traps pollutants, creating stagnant air conditions. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, limiting outdoor activities during peak pollution hours. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purifiers is also advisable. The combination of agricultural practices, meteorological conditions, and regional pollution sources creates a complex air quality profile for Kamrāwān, demanding proactive mitigation strategies.