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Kanhāipur, nestled in the state of Bihar, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the fertile Gangetic plains. Located at approximately 25.4542° N, 85.8396° E, the town’s elevation is relatively low, around 98 meters above sea level, contributing to a tendency for pollutants to accumulate, particularly during periods of atmospheric stability. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, characterized by expansive fields of rice and maize, typical of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. This agricultural activity, while vital to the regional economy, introduces sources of particulate matter through crop residue burning, a common practice after harvest. Kanhāipur’s proximity to the Ganges River, though providing a crucial water source, can also influence local weather patterns and, indirectly, air quality. The town exhibits a gradual urban–rural gradient, transitioning from a concentrated settlement to dispersed agricultural communities. While Kanhāipur itself is a small town, it lies within a broader region experiencing increasing urbanization and industrial development, with larger industrial belts located further west towards Jharkhand. The flat terrain and limited topographical features impede the natural dispersion of pollutants, making the town susceptible to episodes of poor air quality. Prevailing wind patterns, often influenced by regional weather systems, play a crucial role in determining the transport and concentration of airborne contaminants. The lack of significant elevation changes exacerbates the impact of these factors, creating conditions where pollutants can linger and accumulate.

Kanhāipur’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s monsoon climate. The pre-monsoon season (March-May) typically witnesses the poorest air quality. This period is characterized by high temperatures, low wind speeds, and frequent temperature inversions, trapping pollutants close to the ground. Agricultural burning of crop residue intensifies during this time, significantly contributing to particulate matter pollution. The monsoon season (June-September) brings relief, with increased rainfall and stronger winds that effectively flush out pollutants. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to increased humidity and the release of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), which can react with other pollutants to form secondary aerosols. The post-monsoon season (October-November) sees a return to calmer conditions, with decreasing rainfall and a gradual increase in temperature. This period often mirrors the pre-monsoon season in terms of air quality challenges, with agricultural burning again becoming a significant factor. Winter months (December-February) are generally cooler, with frequent fog formation. Fog reduces visibility and traps pollutants, leading to periods of stagnant air and elevated concentrations of particulate matter. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, limiting outdoor activity during peak pollution episodes. During foggy winter mornings, it is advisable to wear masks and avoid strenuous physical exertion.