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Kesariyā, nestled in the Arrah district of Bihar, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the fertile plains of the Indo-Gangetic Basin. Located at approximately 26.3342° N, 84.8548° E, the town sits at a relatively low elevation, contributing to atmospheric stability and potential for pollutant accumulation. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, characterized by expansive fields of rice, wheat, and maize – a typical feature of Bihar’s rural economy. This intensive agricultural activity, while vital for livelihoods, introduces significant sources of air pollution through the burning of crop residue after harvest, a practice particularly prevalent during the post-monsoon season. Kesariyā’s proximity to the Ghaghara River, though providing a crucial water source, also influences local weather patterns, potentially increasing humidity and affecting the dispersion of pollutants. The urban–rural gradient around Kesariyā is gradual, with small villages and agricultural hamlets blending seamlessly into the town’s periphery. There are no major industrial belts immediately adjacent to Kesariyā, however, the broader region experiences industrial activity concentrated in larger cities like Patna, which can contribute to transboundary pollution events. The flat terrain and limited topographical features hinder natural ventilation, exacerbating the impact of local emissions and making the town susceptible to stagnant air conditions, especially during periods of low wind speed. The region's climate, dominated by a monsoon season and hot, dry summers, further shapes the atmospheric conditions impacting air quality.

Kesariyā’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by its subtropical climate and agricultural practices. The monsoon season (roughly July to September) typically brings a degree of respite, as rainfall washes away particulate matter and increased wind speeds aid in dispersion. However, humidity remains high, which can still irritate respiratory systems. The pre-monsoon months (April-June) are often the most challenging, characterized by hot, dry conditions and frequent temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. Agricultural burning of crop residue intensifies during this period, significantly degrading air quality. The post-monsoon season (October-November) sees a continuation of agricultural burning, compounded by the onset of fog, which further restricts pollutant dispersal. Fog, common during these months, acts as a natural filter but also concentrates pollutants, creating hazardous conditions. Winter (December-March) brings cooler temperatures and persistent fog, leading to prolonged periods of poor air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, limiting outdoor activity during peak pollution episodes. The monsoon months offer a relatively cleaner window, but high humidity can still pose challenges. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can be beneficial throughout the year, particularly during periods of elevated pollution. Awareness campaigns promoting cleaner agricultural practices and reducing reliance on fossil fuels are crucial for long-term air quality improvement.