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Khagaul, a municipality in Bihar, India, occupies a relatively flat alluvial plain within the broader Indo-Gangetic Plain. Situated at coordinates 25.5790°N, 85.0456°E, its geography is fundamentally shaped by the Ganges River, which flows nearby, influencing local humidity and contributing to seasonal flooding. The terrain is predominantly agricultural, with rice paddies and wheat fields dominating the surrounding landscape. Khagaul’s urban character is evolving, transitioning from a largely rural settlement to a small city serving as a regional trading hub. This transition brings increased vehicular traffic and localised industrial activity, primarily brick kilns and small-scale manufacturing, impacting air quality. The city’s elevation is low, around 76 meters above sea level, which can exacerbate pollution episodes by hindering atmospheric dispersion. The urban-rural gradient is sharp; immediately surrounding Khagaul are agricultural lands, but further afield lie more densely populated areas like Patna, creating a regional pollution network. Dust from agricultural practices, particularly during harvest seasons, is a significant contributor to particulate matter. The proximity to the Ganges, while providing water resources, also contributes to humidity, potentially trapping pollutants and forming smog under certain meteorological conditions. The lack of significant natural barriers to wind flow means pollutants can be readily transported both into and out of the city, depending on prevailing winds.

Khagaul experiences a distinct seasonal air quality pattern dictated by the monsoon and post-monsoon periods. The pre-monsoon months (April-June) are typically the worst for air quality. Rising temperatures create strong convective currents, lifting dust and pollutants from agricultural activities and construction. Dry conditions exacerbate particulate matter concentrations. The monsoon season (July-September) brings temporary relief as rainfall washes away pollutants and increases humidity, suppressing dust. However, increased cloud cover can also lead to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants at lower altitudes. Post-monsoon (October-November) sees a resurgence of pollution as temperatures cool, and stagnant air conditions prevail, coupled with crop residue burning. This period is particularly hazardous. Winter (December-February) brings cooler temperatures and often fog, trapping pollutants and leading to poor visibility and respiratory issues. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during April-November. October and November are particularly critical months to avoid prolonged exposure. During the monsoon, while air is cleaner, increased humidity can trigger fungal growth, impacting those with allergies. Maintaining good ventilation indoors and using air purifiers are recommended strategies.