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Kharagpur, situated in the Bihar plains at coordinates 25.1245°N, 86.5558°E, presents a unique geographic context influencing its air quality. The city’s location within the Gangetic Plain results in a largely flat terrain, facilitating the stagnation of air masses and trapping pollutants. With an elevation of approximately 78 meters, Kharagpur is vulnerable to localized weather patterns that exacerbate pollution. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, characterized by intensive farming practices, particularly rice cultivation, which contributes to seasonal biomass burning and ammonia emissions. The proximity to the Ganges River, while providing a vital water source, also introduces humidity that can influence the formation of secondary pollutants. Kharagpur’s position isn’t directly within a major industrial belt, but regional industrial activity in nearby areas contributes to long-range transport of pollutants. The urban-rural gradient is relatively gradual, with a mix of agricultural land and smaller settlements surrounding the city. This blend means that pollution sources aren’t neatly separated, and rural activities significantly impact Kharagpur’s air. Dust from agricultural fields and unpaved roads is a consistent contributor, especially during drier periods. The city’s relatively small size (population 35,739) means localized sources, like vehicular traffic and brick kilns, have a disproportionately large impact.

Kharagpur’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the monsoon and post-monsoon conditions. The monsoon season (June-September) generally brings relief from pollution due to rainfall washing away particulate matter and suppressing dust. However, increased humidity can promote the formation of mold and secondary pollutants. October-November sees a deterioration in air quality as the monsoon retreats, and agricultural burning intensifies following the harvest. This period is often marked by stagnant air and temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. Winter (December-February) is typically the worst period for air quality, with consistently low temperatures and calm winds leading to pollutant build-up. Fog further exacerbates the problem, reducing visibility and trapping pollutants. March-May brings rising temperatures and increasing wind speeds, gradually improving air quality, though dust storms are common. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should avoid prolonged outdoor activity during the winter and post-monsoon months. During the monsoon, precautions should be taken against mold-related respiratory issues. The best time for outdoor activity is generally during the monsoon season, but awareness of humidity-related concerns is crucial.