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Khutauna, nestled in the Sheohar district of Bihar, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the fertile Gangetic plains. Located at approximately 26.4969° N latitude and 86.3959° E longitude, the town’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Indo-Gangetic alluvial plain. The elevation is relatively low, contributing to a tendency for pollutants to accumulate, particularly during periods of atmospheric stability. The surrounding landscape is overwhelmingly agricultural, with vast expanses of rice paddies and maize fields dominating the rural areas. This intensive agricultural activity, while vital for the regional economy, contributes to air pollution through the burning of crop residue after harvest, a common practice in Bihar. Khutauna’s proximity to the Koshi River, though providing a source of water, also influences local weather patterns, occasionally leading to increased humidity and fog, which can trap pollutants close to the ground. The urban–rural gradient around Khutauna is gradual, with small villages and agricultural settlements blending seamlessly into the town’s periphery. While Khutauna itself is a relatively small urban centre, it serves as a local market town and transport hub, generating some localized pollution from vehicular traffic and small-scale industries. The lack of significant industrial belts directly adjacent to Khutauna mitigates some pollution risks, but the regional agricultural practices and the broader influence of the Indo-Gangetic Plain’s atmospheric conditions remain key factors shaping its air quality.

Khutauna’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by the monsoon and agricultural practices. The pre-monsoon season (March-May) typically witnesses the worst air quality, driven by the widespread burning of crop residue following the winter harvest. This practice releases substantial quantities of particulate matter, significantly impacting visibility and respiratory health. Temperatures rise sharply during this period, creating atmospheric conditions conducive to pollutant accumulation. The monsoon season (June-September) brings relief, with frequent rainfall washing away pollutants and strong winds dispersing them. Humidity increases, which can sometimes exacerbate respiratory issues for sensitive individuals. The post-monsoon season (October-November) sees a gradual return to drier conditions, and a potential resurgence of agricultural burning, though often less intense than in the pre-monsoon period. Winter months (December-February) are characterized by cooler temperatures and frequent fog, particularly in the mornings. This fog traps pollutants near the ground, leading to periods of reduced visibility and elevated concentrations of particulate matter. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon and winter months, limiting outdoor activity during peak pollution periods. Wearing masks and avoiding areas with heavy traffic or agricultural burning can offer some protection. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purifiers is also advisable during these times. The monsoon offers the most favourable period for outdoor activities, though humidity management remains important for some.