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Kishundāspur, nestled in the state of Bihar, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the fertile Gangetic plains. Located at approximately 25.3334° N, 87.3318° E, the city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Indo-Gangetic alluvial plain. The elevation is relatively low, contributing to a tendency for pollutants to accumulate, particularly during periods of atmospheric stability. Kishundāspur’s proximity to the Ganges River, though providing a vital water source, can also influence local air quality through humidity and potential for riverine transport of particulate matter. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural fields – primarily rice and wheat cultivation – interspersed with small villages and scattered rural settlements, creating a gradual urban-rural gradient. This agricultural activity, while economically crucial, contributes to seasonal emissions from crop residue burning, a significant factor in air pollution. Further afield, the broader region is marked by industrial belts concentrated in larger cities like Patna, which can impact Kishundāspur through long-range transport of pollutants. The flat topography and lack of significant natural barriers exacerbate this issue, allowing pollutants to spread easily. The climate is subtropical, with hot, dry summers and a monsoon season, further influencing atmospheric conditions and pollutant dispersion. The city’s small size and relatively low population density (15,874) suggest a primarily rural character, with limited heavy industry directly within Kishundāspur itself, though regional industrial influence remains a factor.

Kishundāspur’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s subtropical climate and agricultural practices. The pre-monsoon season (March-May) typically witnesses the poorest air quality. High temperatures and low wind speeds create atmospheric stability, fostering temperature inversions that trap pollutants near the ground. This period coincides with the burning of crop residue after the harvest, releasing substantial amounts of particulate matter and gases into the atmosphere. The monsoon season (June-September) brings relief, as increased rainfall and stronger winds effectively flush out pollutants. Humidity also rises, which can affect respiratory health. The post-monsoon season (October-November) sees a gradual return to drier conditions, and unfortunately, another peak in pollution as farmers prepare fields for the next planting season, again involving crop residue burning. Winter months (December-February) are often characterized by fog, which further reduces visibility and traps pollutants, exacerbating respiratory issues. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, limiting outdoor activity during peak pollution periods. During the winter months, prolonged exposure to fog and potential pollutants should be avoided. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can offer some protection. The monsoon season generally provides the most favourable conditions for outdoor activities, though humidity can still be a factor for some individuals.