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Kita Chauhāttar, nestled in the state of Bihar, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the fertile Gangetic plains. Located at approximately 25.6770° N, 84.8720° E, the city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Indo-Gangetic alluvial plain, resulting in minimal elevation changes. This flatness, while conducive to agriculture, presents challenges for air dispersion, particularly during periods of low wind speed. The surrounding landscape is dominated by agricultural fields – primarily rice and wheat cultivation – which contribute to seasonal particulate matter through crop residue burning, a common practice after harvest. Kita Chauhāttar’s proximity to the Ganges River, though providing a vital water source, can also influence local humidity and temperature, impacting atmospheric stability and pollutant behaviour. The urban–rural gradient transitions rapidly, with agricultural land immediately bordering the city limits. While not directly adjacent to major industrial belts, the region experiences indirect impacts from industrial activity concentrated in larger Bihar cities like Patna and Muzaffarpur. The lack of significant topographical features hinders the natural ventilation of pollutants, leading to potential stagnation and accumulation, especially during calmer weather conditions. The flat terrain and surrounding agricultural practices combine to create a unique microclimate susceptible to localized air quality issues, demanding specific mitigation strategies.

Kita Chauhāttar’s air quality exhibits a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s monsoon climate. The pre-monsoon season (March-May) typically witnesses the poorest air quality, driven by a combination of factors. Agricultural residue burning intensifies as farmers clear fields after the winter harvest, releasing substantial amounts of particulate matter. Rising temperatures and decreasing humidity exacerbate the situation, creating stable atmospheric conditions that trap pollutants near the ground. Temperature inversions, common during this period, further impede vertical mixing. The monsoon season (June-September) brings a welcome respite, with increased rainfall and stronger winds effectively flushing out pollutants. Humidity levels rise, reducing the concentration of particulate matter. The post-monsoon season (October-November) sees a gradual return to poorer air quality as winds weaken and temperatures drop, although residue burning is less prevalent than in the pre-monsoon period. Winter months (December-February) are often characterized by fog, which traps pollutants and reduces visibility, creating a stagnant air mass. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon and winter months, limiting outdoor exposure and using air purifiers when possible. Maintaining awareness of local weather patterns and agricultural practices is crucial for informed decision-making regarding outdoor activities.