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Kothia, a small town in the Gaya district of Bihar, India, occupies a relatively flat section of the Indo-Gangetic Plain at approximately 118 meters above sea level (coordinates 25.7612, 84.8811). This positioning within the plains significantly influences its air quality. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, characterized by intensive farming of rice, wheat, and pulses. Kothia’s proximity to the Phalgu River, a tributary of the Ganges, introduces localized humidity but doesn’t offer substantial air cleansing. The urban character is typical of a rural Indian town, transitioning from denser residential areas towards the centre to more dispersed agricultural land on the periphery. While not directly within a major industrial belt, Kothia experiences air quality impacts from regional industrial activity concentrated around Gaya city and the broader Bihar industrial corridor. The urban-rural gradient is sharp, with biomass burning in surrounding villages during harvest seasons being a major contributor to particulate matter. Dust from unpaved roads and agricultural activities further exacerbates the situation. The flat terrain hinders natural dispersion of pollutants, leading to localized build-up, particularly during calm weather conditions. The lack of significant topographical features means Kothia is vulnerable to pollutant transport from wider regional sources.

Kothia’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern. The post-monsoon period (October-November) often sees the worst conditions. Stubble burning from the rice harvest across the Indo-Gangetic Plain, combined with cooler temperatures and stagnant air, leads to a significant spike in particulate matter. This is a period to avoid strenuous outdoor activity, especially for those with respiratory conditions. Winter (December-February) brings temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground and worsening air quality. Fog further reduces visibility and exacerbates respiratory issues. The pre-monsoon months (March-May) see rising temperatures and dust storms, increasing particulate matter concentrations. The onset of the monsoon (June-September) provides a temporary respite, as rainfall washes away pollutants and increased humidity suppresses dust. However, increased cloud cover can also trap pollutants at lower altitudes. This is generally the most favourable time for outdoor activities. Throughout the year, prevailing winds from the northwest contribute to pollutant transport from larger urban centres. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory or cardiovascular conditions – should take extra precautions during peak pollution periods.