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Lakhminia, a small city nestled within the state of Bihar, India, occupies a relatively flat expanse of the Indo-Gangetic Plain at coordinates 25.4126°N, 86.3253°E. Its elevation, typical of the region, is low-lying, contributing to limited atmospheric dispersion of pollutants. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, characterized by intensive farming of rice, wheat, and sugarcane. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, introduces particulate matter from crop residue burning and fertilizer application. Lakhminia’s position isn’t near major industrial belts, but regional brick kilns and smaller-scale industries contribute to localised emissions. The Phalgu River flows nearby, but its influence on air quality is limited due to its seasonal flow and the prevailing wind patterns. The urban-rural gradient is sharp; Lakhminia is surrounded by villages and agricultural land, meaning pollutants generated within the city have less space to dissipate before impacting surrounding communities. The city’s location within the densely populated Bihar plain exacerbates the issue, as regional pollution sources contribute to background levels. The lack of significant topographical features hinders natural ventilation, trapping pollutants during calm weather conditions. This geographical setting makes Lakhminia particularly vulnerable to air quality challenges.

Lakhminia experiences a distinct seasonal air quality pattern dictated by the monsoon and post-monsoon periods. The monsoon season (June-September) generally brings temporary relief, as rainfall washes away particulate matter and increased humidity suppresses dust. However, high humidity can also foster mold growth, impacting respiratory health. October-November sees a significant deterioration in air quality. Post-monsoon calm winds, coupled with temperature inversions, trap pollutants from agricultural burning – a common practice to clear fields after the harvest – and local sources. This is often the most challenging period for residents. Winter (December-February) maintains poor air quality due to continued temperature inversions and increased reliance on biomass burning for heating. March-May brings rising temperatures and dry conditions, leading to increased dust and potential for wildfires, further degrading air quality. These months are particularly difficult for those with pre-existing respiratory conditions. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and individuals with asthma – should limit outdoor activity during October-February. Monitoring wind direction is crucial; winds from the west often carry pollutants from larger regional sources. Avoiding peak hours and wearing masks can offer some protection.