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Leāma, nestled in the state of Bihar, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the fertile Gangetic plains. Located at approximately 26.2140° N, 85.9980° E, the city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, with an elevation of roughly 65 meters above sea level. This low-lying topography contributes to a tendency for pollutants to accumulate, particularly during periods of atmospheric stability. The surrounding landscape is dominated by agricultural land, a patchwork of fields cultivated with rice, wheat, and pulses, which, while vital for the regional economy, can contribute to particulate matter pollution through seasonal burning practices. Leāma’s proximity to the Ganges River, though providing a crucial water source, also influences local weather patterns and can, under certain conditions, trap pollutants. The urban–rural gradient around Leāma is relatively gradual, with small villages and agricultural holdings blending seamlessly into the city’s periphery. While Leāma itself is a small settlement, it sits within a broader region experiencing increasing industrial activity, with several small-scale manufacturing units and brick kilns operating in nearby areas. These industries, coupled with vehicular emissions from connecting roadways, represent significant potential sources of air pollution. The flat, expansive nature of the plain limits natural dispersion of pollutants, making Leāma susceptible to regional air quality issues and the impacts of transboundary pollution from larger urban centers.

Leāma’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by the region’s monsoon climate. The pre-monsoon season (March-May) typically witnesses the poorest air quality, characterized by stagnant conditions and increased agricultural burning. Dry, hot winds exacerbate the situation, trapping pollutants close to the ground. Temperature inversions, common during this period, further impede vertical mixing, leading to a build-up of particulate matter and gaseous pollutants. The monsoon season (June-September) brings relief, with frequent rainfall washing away pollutants and strong winds dispersing them. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to increased humidity and the release of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), which can contribute to ozone formation. The post-monsoon season (October-November) sees a return to drier conditions, with a gradual increase in pollution levels as agricultural burning resumes. Winter months (December-February) are often characterized by fog, which traps pollutants and reduces visibility. This period can be particularly challenging for vulnerable populations. Outdoor activities are generally best avoided during the pre-monsoon and winter months, especially for children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions. During the monsoon, while air quality improves, caution should still be exercised during periods of heavy rainfall due to potential flooding and waterborne diseases. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can be beneficial throughout the year, particularly during periods of elevated pollution.