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Maheswa, a small town in the Patna division of Bihar, India, sits at coordinates 25.9718°N, 86.8550°E. Its geography is characteristic of the Indo-Gangetic Plain – a flat, fertile alluvial landscape. The town’s elevation is relatively low, contributing to limited atmospheric dispersion of pollutants. Maheswa is situated within a predominantly agricultural zone, with rice paddies and wheat fields dominating the surrounding terrain. The Phalgu River, a tributary of the Ganges, flows nearby, influencing local humidity and potentially contributing to localised fog formation during cooler months. While not a major industrial hub itself, Maheswa’s proximity to larger industrial areas within Bihar, particularly around Patna, means it can experience transboundary pollution. The urban-rural gradient is sharp; Maheswa is a relatively small settlement surrounded by extensive rural farmland. This creates a situation where agricultural practices, including crop residue burning, significantly impact local air quality. Dust from unpaved roads and construction activities also contribute to particulate matter levels. The flat terrain and lack of significant natural barriers hinder the flushing out of pollutants, making Maheswa susceptible to air quality issues, particularly during periods of calm weather. The region’s climate is subtropical monsoon, influencing pollution patterns significantly.

Maheswa experiences a distinct seasonal air quality narrative. The post-monsoon season (October-November) often sees the worst conditions. The receding monsoon leaves behind stagnant air, coupled with increased agricultural burning of crop residue after the harvest. Temperature inversions are common during these cooler months, trapping pollutants near the ground. December and January bring cooler temperatures and often dense fog, exacerbating particulate matter concentrations. While winds are generally light, occasional western disturbances can offer temporary relief. The pre-monsoon season (April-May) is characterised by rising temperatures and dust storms, leading to increased levels of coarse particulate matter. The monsoon season (June-September) generally offers the cleanest air, as rainfall washes away pollutants and increased humidity causes particles to settle. However, increased cloud cover can also contribute to temperature inversions. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should avoid prolonged outdoor activity during October-November and April-May. Monitoring local conditions and limiting strenuous exercise on poor air quality days is crucial. The monsoon months offer the most favourable conditions for outdoor activities, but even then, awareness of localised flooding and associated risks is important.