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Manpaur, Bihar, situated at approximately 26.5081° N, 85.9478° E, occupies a geographically significant position within the fertile Gangetic plains of India. The city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, with an elevation of roughly 58 meters above sea level. This low-lying topography, while conducive to agriculture, presents challenges regarding air quality dispersion. Manpaur lies within a region heavily reliant on agriculture, particularly rice and wheat cultivation, contributing to seasonal biomass burning and associated particulate matter. To the north and west, the landscape gradually transitions into more undulating terrain, though still largely agricultural. The proximity to the Ganges River, though not immediately adjacent, influences regional weather patterns and humidity levels, which can impact pollutant behaviour. The urban–rural gradient around Manpaur is relatively sharp; the city itself is small, but it serves as a local trading hub for surrounding villages. Industrial activity is limited within Manpaur itself, but the broader Bihar region experiences industrial development concentrated in areas further east, potentially contributing to transboundary pollution events. The flat, expansive landscape coupled with the prevailing wind patterns often leads to pollutants accumulating, especially during periods of meteorological stability. The lack of significant topographical barriers hinders the natural cleansing of the atmosphere, making Manpaur susceptible to localized air quality degradation influenced by both regional and local sources.

Manpaur’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s monsoon climate. The dry season, typically spanning October to May, witnesses a progressive deterioration in air quality. November and December often experience elevated levels of particulate matter due to widespread crop residue burning – a common agricultural practice following the harvest of rice and wheat. This practice releases significant quantities of smoke and pollutants into the atmosphere. The cooler temperatures during these months also contribute to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. January and February are frequently characterized by dense fog, further exacerbating the problem by reducing visibility and hindering pollutant dispersion. The monsoon season, from June to September, brings relief as rainfall washes away accumulated pollutants and strong winds disperse remaining contaminants. However, even during the monsoon, periods of low wind speed and humidity can lead to localized pollution episodes. The pre-monsoon period (March-May) can also see a rise in pollutants as temperatures increase and the monsoon winds haven't yet established. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during peak burning periods. Outdoor activities are best avoided on days with heavy smoke or fog. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purifiers is also advisable.