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Maranga, a small city nestled within the plains of Bihar, India, at coordinates 25.7592°N, 87.4665°E, presents a unique geographic context influencing its air quality. Situated at a relatively low elevation, typical of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, Maranga’s terrain is largely flat and alluvial, formed by the deposition of sediments from the Ganges and its tributaries. The city’s surrounding landscape is dominated by intensely cultivated agricultural land, primarily rice and wheat fields, interspersed with small rural settlements. The Burhi Gandak river flows relatively close, impacting local humidity and potentially contributing to localised fog formation during cooler months. While Maranga itself isn’t a major industrial hub, its position within Bihar means it’s affected by regional industrial activity further east and south. The urban-rural gradient is quite sharp; the city core quickly transitions to agricultural fields. This proximity to agricultural practices introduces significant particulate matter from crop residue burning and fertilizer application. The lack of significant topographical features hinders natural air dispersion, trapping pollutants. The prevailing wind patterns, often calm during certain periods, exacerbate this issue, leading to localised pollution build-up. The city’s small size means emissions from domestic sources – cooking fires and small-scale industries – have a disproportionately large impact on local air quality.

Maranga experiences a distinct seasonal air quality narrative dictated by the monsoon and post-monsoon weather patterns. The monsoon season (June-September) generally offers a temporary respite from pollution, as heavy rainfall effectively washes particulate matter from the atmosphere. However, increased humidity can also foster mould growth, impacting respiratory health. October-November sees a deterioration in air quality as post-monsoon conditions bring stagnant air and temperature inversions, trapping pollutants from agricultural burning and Diwali celebrations. This period is particularly challenging for those with pre-existing respiratory conditions. December-January are the worst months, characterised by cold temperatures, fog, and minimal wind, leading to severe pollution build-up. Smoke from household heating and industrial emissions contribute significantly. February-March sees a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and wind speeds increase, but dust from agricultural activities remains a concern. April-May brings hot, dry winds, which can transport dust and pollutants from surrounding areas. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory illnesses – should limit outdoor activity during October-February and take precautions during April-May. Monitoring local conditions and using appropriate respiratory protection is advised.