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Marhaura, a small city nestled within the state of Bihar, India, occupies a geographically significant position in the Gangetic plains. Located at coordinates 25.9700°N, 84.8700°E, the city’s terrain is predominantly flat alluvial land, characteristic of the region formed by the deposition of sediments from the Ganges River. The surrounding landscape is intensely agricultural, dominated by rice paddies and wheat fields, reflecting Bihar’s strong agrarian economy. Marhaura’s elevation is relatively low, contributing to limited atmospheric dispersion of pollutants. The Son River flows nearby, influencing local humidity and potentially contributing to localised fog formation during cooler months. While not directly within a major industrial belt, the increasing presence of brick kilns and small-scale industrial activity in the surrounding districts contributes to regional air pollution. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced; Marhaura serves as a market town for surrounding villages, experiencing increased vehicular traffic and biomass burning during harvest seasons. This combination of factors – flat terrain, agricultural practices, localised industry, and proximity to a river – creates a unique set of conditions impacting air quality in Marhaura. The lack of significant natural barriers to wind flow can sometimes offer temporary relief, but stable atmospheric conditions often trap pollutants near the ground.

Marhaura experiences a distinct seasonal air quality pattern dictated by the monsoon and post-monsoon weather systems. The monsoon season (June-September) generally brings temporary relief from pollution due to rainfall washing particulate matter from the atmosphere and suppressing dust. However, increased humidity can also foster mould growth, impacting respiratory health. October-November sees a deterioration in air quality as post-monsoon conditions bring stagnant air and increased biomass burning from agricultural residue disposal after the harvest. This period is often the most polluted. Winter (December-February) witnesses temperature inversions, trapping pollutants close to the ground, exacerbated by increased use of solid fuels for heating. Fog formation further reduces visibility and concentrates pollutants. March-May is characterised by rising temperatures and dry winds, leading to dust storms and increased levels of particulate matter. This period can also see increased industrial activity. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during October-February. Avoiding peak traffic hours and exercising indoors during polluted periods is advisable. Monitoring local weather reports and being prepared with respiratory protection is crucial.